THE VERB 347 compared to the -d which appears in Greek in the subjunctive as well as in the active of the i sg. of thematic verbs (dyw). The 1 sg. middle ending -ai arises from the contraction of the a of the subjunctive stem with the -e of the termination. This -ai is then extended to other parts of the middle inflection and such eventually become the normal forms. This type of termination is preceded by the vowel a even in subjunctives of non-thematic verbs. The conjugation of subjunctives from thematic stems is the same as the above but based on a stem in d arising from the combination of the a of the tense stem and the subjunctive a : Active, S. I bhdvdni, 2 bhdvdsi, bhdvas, 3 bhdvati, bhdvdt, D. 1 bhdvdva, 2 bhdvdthas , 3 bhdvdtas, P. 1 bhdvdma, 2 bhdvatha, 3 bhavdn . Middle, S. 1 bhdvai, 2 bhdvdse , bhdvdsai, 3 bhdvdte, bhdvdtai , D. 1 bhdvdvahai, 2 bhdvaithe , 3 bhdvaite , P. 1 bhdvdmahai, 2 bhavddhvai, 3 bhdvdntai. The subjunctive can be formed in the Vedic language from all three tense stems, present, aorist and perfect. This variety of formation is not matched by any variety of meaning, e.g. srndvat, sravai and susravat all mean * he will hear ’ or ' let him hear 1 and no sort of difference related to the tense stem appears between them. Aorist subjunctives are commonest from the root aorist {karat, gamut, yamat, varat ; karati, josati , bhddati , etc.) and from the s-aorist {jdsat , ndsai, matsat ; nesati , parsati, etc.) ; none are found from the sa-aorist. Examples of sub- junctives from the perfect stem ar e jaghdnat, jujosat, paspdrsat ; jujosati, didesati , bubodhati, etc. The subjunctive remained in use during the later Vedic period (Brahmanas and Upanisads), but, apart from the first persons which were incorporated in the imperative, it is extinct in the classical language. A subjunctive corresponding in form and meaning to that of Sanskrit appears in Greek. Here the primary endings are ex- clusively used and the forms with long vowel associated with thematic stems have become predominant. The quality of this vowel (where Sanskrit has d) varies in accordance with the variation in the indicative (ay^/ze^, dyrjrt). Some old short vowel subjunctives are preserved as futures (eSo/Ltat, mo/zeu) and the simplest explanation of the s-future is that it is the sub- junctive of the s-aorist. The Latin future erit corresponds to
