THE VERB 348 the Skt. subjunctive dsat{i) and both Italic and Celtic have forms deriving from the s-aorist subjunctive (Lat. faxo , Osc. deivasi , Ir, 1 sg, -Has, 3 pi. -tiassat from tiagu ‘ go '). These two groups have also an ^-subjunctive which does not appear in Greek or Sanskrit. The subjunctive is absent over a considerable part of Indo- European, and has the appearance of being a comparatively late formation. It can be plausibly explained as having grown out of the injunctive, certain forms of which developed into an independent system. The hesitation between primary and secondary endings in Sanskrit represents a transition from an earlier system in which the endings were secondary (as in the injunctive) and a new one in which primary endings are applied as being more appropriate to its predominantly future meaning. This transition has been completed in Greek. Of the short and long vowel subjunctives the former is the earlier and more original. The addition of the thematic suffix to a stem already provided with such is without parallel elsewhere in IE stem formation, and its presence here is due to the analogy which created bhavd etc., having the same relation to bhava- as asa- to as-. The short vowel subjunctives with secondary endings (< karat , gamut) have a form w'hich cannot in itself be distinguished from injunctives (augmentless preterites) of thematic stems. That they are subjunctives depends not on the nature of the stem itself, since such stems are commonly used in the forma- tion of present /imperfects, but in their relation to other forms in the system. The absence of any distinctive formative in the most original type of subjunctive is a clear indication of its secondary origin. §13. The Imperative Active, S. 1 bhdvdni , dydni , 2 bhava , iht, 3 bhdvatu , dtu r D. 1 bhdvdva, dyava, 2 bhdvatam, iiam , 3 bhdvatdm , it&m, P. 1 bhdvdma , dyama, 2 bhdvata, itd, 3 bhdvantu , ydntu. Middle, S. 1 bhdvai , dsai, 2 bhavasva , dssva, 3 bhdvatdm , astdm , D. I bhavavahai, asdvahai , 2 bhavethdm , asdthdm, 3 bhdvetdm, asdtdm , P. X bhdvdmahai , isdmahai , 2 bhdvadhvam , addhvam, 3 bhdvantdm, dsatam . This paradigm is composite. The first persons in the three numbers are properly subjunctive forms. Injunctive forms are employed in 2 and 3 du. and 2 pi. Specific imperative forms
