THE VERB 346 language but are not used later. Such are sg. 1 ajagrabham, 3 djagart, du. 2 amunniktam, pi. 3 dbibhayiir, mid. pi. 3 ajag- tniran . The distinction between these forms and the imperfect of the reduplicating class is not very clearly to be drawn. Their sense is normally that of simple preterites. §12. Injunctive and Subjunctive The so-called injunctive is no separate morphological cate- gory, but the term is applied to those unaugmented forms of the imperfect or aorist which are used with the force of subjunctive or imperative (§ 2). In the RV. the augmentless forms are more than half as common as the augmented and they may appear in- differently in preterite or injunctive use. Such forms occur from both imperfect and aorist stems, more frequently from the latter. In the later Atharvaveda the proportion of such forms occurring is noticeably less, and of those that do occur a greater part are formed from the aorist stem. In post-Vedic Sanskrit the injunctive disappears except in one construction. Prohibi- tions continue to be expressed by the use of md in connection with unaugmented aorist forms : md bhaisth ‘ do not be afraid md gdh * do not go etc. The subjunctive stem is formed by the addition of the vowel a to the indicative tense stem, the gunated form of such a stem being employed if it exists : doha juhdva yundja-, etc., from the tense stems doh juhd yundj This a combines with the a of thematic stems to form long d : bhava-, tudd ucyd-. The inflection of the subjunctive from non-thematic verbal stems is illustrated by the following paradigms : Active, S. 1 dyani , dyd , 2 dyasi, dyas , 3 dyati, dyat, D. 1 aydva, 2 dyathas , 3 dyatas , P. 1 dydma f 2 ayatha , 3 dyan . Middle, S. 1 &sai, 2 &sase t dsdsai , 3 asate , asaiai , D. 1 asavahai, asavahe , 2 dsaithe , 3 d$aite f P. x dsamahai , asdmahe, 2 dsadhve, asadhvai, 3 asante, asanta, dsantai. It will be observed that the endings of the subjunctive are partly secondary and partly primary. In 1 du., 1 pi. and 3 pi. of the active secondary endings are employed ; in 2 and 3 du. and 2 pi. primary endings ; in 2 and 3 sg. either primary or secondary endings are used. In the middle forms with secondary endings are rare, appearing normally only in the 3 pi. The 1 sg. active has a special ending of its own, -dni, beside which in the earlier language simple -d appears which is to be
