NUMERALS, PRONOUNS, INDECLIN ABLES 265 (: Av. mam, 8wqm) is found outside Indo-Iranian only in Slavonic (O. SI. mg, t$). It is an innovation replacing the older forms which are preserved only as enclitics : md, tvd (: Av, md t dwd). The relation of these forms with long vowel to the forms with short vowel like Gk. €fxd, fit, al, ac is not clear. The enclitic forms me, te (: O, Pers. fnaiy, taiy , Av. moi, me, toi , te, Gk. fioi, trot, Lith. mi, ti) are forms of stem and contain no case ending. As such they are more ancient than the accented forms which have evolved a full case system. It is also an ancient feature that their use is much wider than that of a normal case form. They are used regularly in the sense of both genitive and dative, and occasionally even more widely. Originally there must have been corresponding accented forms with similar wide use. The growth of a full system of in- flection for the accented personal pronouns has abolished these, but the older undeveloped system is preserved in the enclitics. The lateness of the fully inflected case forms is shown by the fact that a number of them have no exact correspondences in other IE languages. Such is the case with the instr. sg. mdyd . This is formed on the basis of the stem form preserved in the enclitic me . On the other hand the original form of the instr. sg. of the second person was tvA, as is shown by the agreement of this rare Vedic form with Av. 6wq. It is replaced by tvdyd formed on the pattern of mdyd . The same form of stem is the basis of the loc. sg. mdyi. The original loc. sg. of the second person is tvd which appears in the RV, It is replaced from the AV. on by the analogical tvdyi. In the absence of Iranian evid- ence it is not possible to say anything about the earlier history of this case. The forms of the abl. sg. mat, tvat (: Av. mat , Swat, cf. O. Lat. mid, ted) are formed with the same element that appears in the declension of thematic stems. A form mdmat , influenced by the gen. sg. appears in the RV., and later the extended forms matids, tvattds, formed with the ablatival suffix - tas , come to be frequently used. The forms of the dat. sg. are mdhyam, tubhyam, but tubhya is attested in the RV., and both mahya and tubhya are frequently required by the metre. These are the earliest forms and the -m is a secondary addition of Sanskrit, as elsewhere. The -w is absent in Iranian : Av. maibya, tnaibyd, taibyd, taibyd. The final element d found in Indo-Iranian is
