264 NUMERALS, PRONOUNS, INDECLIN ABLES PL N. vaydm, A. asmdn, nas, L asmabhis, D. asmabhyam , nas, Ab. a smut, G. asm&katn, nas , L. as mas u. 2. Sg. N. tvdm, A. tvdm, tvd, I. tvdyd , D. tubhyam , te, Ab. toa/, G, /aua, te, L. /u&yi. Du. N.A.V. yuvim , I.D, Ab. yuvdbhydm, G.L. ynwayos, and A.D.G. uatw, PL N. yuydm , A. ywsmaw, vas, I. yusmdbhis, D. yusmdbhyam , vtfs, Ab, yusmdt, G. yusmdkam, vas, L. yusmdsu. The inflection of the pronouns differs in many respects from that of the nouns, and this difference is most marked in the personal pronouns. (1) These pronouns show no difference of gender which is in accordance with the earliest IE practice, and contrasts with the practice of other language families (e.g. Semitic) in which gender is distinguished. Only an isolated yusmas acc. pi, fern, is quotable from the Vedic texts. (2) The distinctions of number are expressed by the use of different stems, which contain different radical elements. (3) The same distinction appears in the first person between the nom. sg. and the other cases. (4) The terminations of the plural are partly identical with those of the singular, and this was much more marked in the prehistoric period. (5) The individual terminations differ widely from those of the noun. The nom. sg. ahdm (Av. azzm) contains a suffix -am which is elsewhere prevalent in the declension of the personal pronouns. The form is found also in Slavonic (Q. SI. azu with u<-om). Elsewhere there appear forms without ending (Lith. es , as) and forms terminating in -b (Gk. eycb, Lat. ego). The latter form was originally egoii, and the aspiration in Sanskrit shows that it was to this form that the -dm has been added (egon +o'm> egu-om). The -am of tvdm (Av. twzm, turn) is not found outside Indo* Iranian and is therefore of more recent origin. The other lan- guages have tu which also survives in Iranian, and possibly also in the Vedic particle tu (cf. RV. 8, 13, 14 d tu gahi, prd tu drava ). In the other cases of the first person there appears a stem beginning with m-, before which on the evidence of Greek (ifjLe acc. sg.) and Hittite (ammuk acc. dat. sg.) a vowel has been lost in most of the IE languages. On the other hand the pro- noun of the second person does not differ radically in these cases. The base tl which appears elsewhere (O. SI. Skt. tvdm, etc.) may have arisen out of *twe by sporadic loss of -w- after initial t-. The final -m in the acc. sg. forms mam, tvdm
