NUMERALS, PRONOUNS, INDECLINABLES 263 the accented thematic vowel to a collective or abstract deriva- tive in -id, i.e. -tan (*caturta + d> caturtha-) . There is no evidence of an h outside Indo-Iranian : Gk. Trlpirros, etc., are formed on the basis of the simple t- stem. The first ordinal differs in the various languages (Gk. irpwTos, Lat. primus , Lith. ptrmas , etc.), but they agree in deriving it from the same root meaning ' in front and not from the corresponding cardinal. The ordinals from 11-19 are thematic formations with accentuation of suffix : dvddasa etc., cf. Av. dvddasa etc. The suffix -tama which serves also as a superla- tive suffix is used to form ordinals from the tens, 100 and 1000 : trimsattama- (Av. Orisastema -, Lat. trtce(n)simus) ‘ 30th r ), §astitama - ' 60th satatama- ‘ 100th sahasratama- ‘ 1000th ' {Av. hazarjrd * t?ma -). Alternatively there exists for 20-50 the type vimsd-, trimsa-, catvdrimsa pancasa-, to which nothing corresponds outside Indo- Aryan. They are formed analogically on the pattern of ekddasd etc. Of adjectival derivatives other than ordinals dvayd- (Gk, Soto?, O. SI. dvojt) and trayd- (O. SI. troji), meaning ' of two (three) sorts, parts 1 are inherited. Sanskrit has created by means of the suffix -taya a series ikataya cdtustaya etc., used in the same sense. Old adverbial derivatives are dvis (Av. biS t Gk. Sts Lat. bis) and iris (Av. dri§ } Gk. rpls) ' twice, three times It is not certain whether catuh ' four times ' is the simple stem catur used adverbially, or whether it is from
- catur-s, with the addition of this adverbial -s. Av. caOruS
1 four times ' has such an -s (though the elements of the suffix are arranged in different order), but it is not necessary to assume its original presence in Lat. quater. Elsewhere this meaning is expressed by the use of kftvas ' times ' : pdnca kftvah f 5 times, etc/. The root of this word appears in the compound sakft ' once and in Lith. kartas, O, SI. kratu. Other adverbial formations are made by means of the suffixes -dhd (tridhd 1 in 3 parts *, etc.) and -sas (satasds * in hundreds '^etc. §2. Pronouns Personal Pronouns 1. Sg. N. aham } A. mam , ma, I. mdyd t D. mdhyam , me , Ab. mat , G. mdma t me, Loc. mayi. Du. N.A.V. avdm , I.D. Ab. avabhyam , G,L. dvdyos , and A.D.G. nau.
