214 THE FORMATION OF NOUNS -na : duradabhnd kulampuna-, sadaprna -. Cf. Gk. jucr- dapvos , TroAuSa/LtvT]?. Infixed nasal : agnimindhd salyakrntd govinda -. Cf. Av. yimd'karznta -. Reduplicated formations : sardhanjaha-, manojighra -, adha-. Cf. Av. azro'daBa-. (b) Compounds with a past participle passive as second member differ from these in the syntactical relation of their members, and also in having their accent normally on the first member. For this reason they may be treated as a separate sub-class. They are a very productive type : hdstakrta- ' made by hand vtrdjdta - ' bom of a hero devatta - ‘ given by the gods prajapatisrsfa- ' created by P. ulkabhihata- ‘ struck by a thunder bolt ' ; indrotd- 4 helped by Indra This is an old Indo-European type which is also represented in related lan- guages : Av. ahura-Sdta-, Gk. IrnT^Xaros , etc. The type of compound instanced under (a) is characterised by the fact that the second member is very frequently, in the case of some classes almost invariably, a stem that cannot appear in independent use. Compounds like goghnd - may be formed at will but a simple ghna - does not exist. The same feature is shared by the related languages and goes back to the Indo-Euro- pean period. The origin of this type of compound goes back to an earlier phase of Indo-European with a different and simpler structure to that prevailing in the historical period and the period immediately preceding it. What in the historical period are compounds were to begin with constructions of a type which are familiar in languages with a less developed inflection than Indo-European. The relative participles known in Dravidian and certain other linguistic groups are instances of this type of construction. In Indo-European the growth of inflection led to the disuse of such simple constructions but this type of compound, based on them, continued to flourish. (2) Compounds having as their last member an ordinary adjective are comparatively few. Such are : tanusubhra - 4 shining in body yajnddhtra - 4 versed in the sacrifice sdmavipra - 4 skilled in Sama chants tildmisra- r mixed with sesamum ' ; with case termination of the first member, ntdderaghu - 4 quick in exhilaration vidmandpas - 4 working with wisdom
