THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 189 characteristic tendency of Indo- Aryan, observable from the very beginning, to get rid of consonant groups. To begin with the i in verbal and nominal derivation must, in such cases where it existed, have had etymological justifica- tion, that is to say it must have been the suffix i compounded with other suffixes in the usual way. A number of such suffixes containing i have already been enumerated, -is, -isa, - ira , etc., formed on the basis of the i-suffix in the same way as -us, -usa, - ura , etc., are formed on the basis of the w-suffix. The suffixes forming the verbal stem are the same as those of the corre- sponding nominal stems. For instance the stem of the - is aorist drocisam appears also in the noun rods - * light Since rods - ' light ' is an extension of the simpler z-stem in rod”, ruci-, the verbal stem also is originally built up from tMe i-stem. Similarly in the future the suffix syd is formed from the 5-stem with the addition of the denominative yd, (the stems, vaksyd-ti, etc., differ only in apophony from denominatives of the type namasydti). In the same way the future in -isya was to begin with based on the is-stem. As regards the form of the stem bhavisyd-, etc., are exactly parallel to the denominatives in - usyd ( urusyati , vanusydti), and in the Rgveda a number of such formations are clearly to be classed as denominatives. Such are avisydti, sanisyati , which have beside them nominal forms (avisya, avisyu sanisyu-) which are commonly associated with the denominative but never with the future. Those participles in -ita where the i may be considered to be original have incorporated an i-suffix which appears elsewhere in the inflection of the root. This is the case for instance in sitd 4 hound ' ( sd - 1 to bind ') where the suffix i is so frequently associated with the root that the simple root (aor, asdt) has be- come comparatively rare ; e.g. s-ydti 1 binds s-d-tave * to bind sisdya ‘ bound etc. The - ita of the participles from other roots in -d [sitd- ' sharp ditd- ( bound sthitd ‘ stood etc.) origin- ates in the same way. The participle of causative and tenth class verbs (gamita- : gamdyati , etc.) includes the suffix which is used in the formation of the present, and comparative evidence shows that this practice is old (cf. Goth, gatarhips : gatarhjan ; wasips: wasjan , etc.). The same connection is seen between participles in -ita and presents of the fourth class (kupitd : kupyati , cf. Lat, cupio , cupitus) or presents in athematic i (stanitd- : stanihi , cf. further stanayitnu-, tanyatu -, O. SI. stenjg ,
