i88 THE FORMATION OF NOUNS The use of i as a connecting link between root and suffix or be- tween root and termination is particularly common in the verbal formation. The Indian grammarians call the i so used it, and according to their terminology the forms which take this i are called set (with it) and those that do not are called unit (without it). The two types of conjugation may be illustrated by the following examples : I. Present, root-class, isise, isidkve, Hire ; future, patisydti, bhavisyati, vardhisyati ; aorist, -is, arocisatn, djivisam ; desider- ative, jijtvisami ; perfect, i pi. oct. bubudhitnd , teninid, 3 pL mid. bubudhird, teniri ; pass. part, sankitd -, lajjita - ; gerund. patitvd , yacitvd ; infin. vdrdhUutn, ydcitum. II, Present, root-class, dtsi, vitsi , sese ; future, vaksyati , chetsyati ; aorist, -s, acchaitsam , ddrdksam ; desiderative, didrksati , vivitsati ; perfect 1 pi, act. cakrma , jagrbhmd , 3 pL mid. yuyujre, vividre ; pass. part, krtd-, drstd- ; gerund, chittva, krtvd ; infin. kdrtum, dr d$ turn. This i. is also found in nominal derivatives other than the participial and infinitival forms illustrated above. In the agent nouns in - tar it appears mostly in agreement with the forms of the infinitive and gerund: yacitdr vardhitar etc., as opposed to kartdr-, drastdr-, etc. Examples in the case of other suffixes are: prathitndn- * breadth khamtra - r shovel rocisnu - 4 shining vdrivas- 1 wide space dtithi- 1 guest ' (as opposed to Av. asti-) t dravitnu - r running ", etc. It is not possible to formulate any simple general rule govern- ing the presence or absence of this i in the verbal conjugation and elsewhere, but a general tendency is observed to use the set-forms where inconvenient consonant groups would result ( paptima , etc.). The use of -i- is more predominant in the later language than in the Veda, For instance the Vedic language has both -re and -ire in the 3 pi. mid. of the perfect, but the classical language knows only -ire ; in later Sanskrit the stems in -isya account for three-quarters of the futures, while in the earlier language the larger proportion (five-ninths) are still formed with simple - sya This continues a process which had been going on in pre-Vedic times. Old Iranian, close as it is to San- skrit, shows very few formations of this nature, which makes it clear that in the main the great extension of the use of -i- in the verbal conjugation is a special development of Indo-Aryan. Its adoption on such a large scale is clearly connected with
