THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 187 side Hkvan- ' id "), kharvd- * mutilated ' (Av. kaurva- f id "). In these, the most numerous examples, the original' adjectival accent is preserved. A small number have radical accent : dsva- f horse ' (Lat. equus, Goth. atha°- f etc. ; cf. din- ' swift "), sdrva- 1 all * (Av. haurva Gk. oAos, ouAos-, etc.), ptirva - ‘ former * ( 0 . SI. pr&vu) , ptva- ' fat " (beside plvan - * id "), The stem kulva- ‘ bald ' (Lat. calvus) appears only in the cpd. atikulva-. The M-suffix appears with guna in arnavd - * waving ; flood, ocean ", keiavd- ‘ long-haired ’ (cf. Av. gaesav - * hair "), pdvirava- ' having a metallic share" (pdviru -) , vidhdvd * widow 1 (Lat. vidua , etc. ; cf. vidhu- * solitary '). In some cases -va has acquired the character of a secondary suffix : anjivd- ‘ slippery ", santivd- * beneficial ", sraddhivd- J credible rajtva- ( striped, streaked ; blue lotus ", saciva -
- companion, minister
Stems in -u are occasionally enlarged by the addition of the suffix -i : ghfsvi- 1 lively, joyful ' beside ghfsu - f id " ; other sy- stems are dhruvi- ' firm ", ddrvi - fem. * ladle jAgrvi - ' wakeful didhrvi - ‘ sustaining ", didtvi- f shining ", susisvi- * swelling or growing well (in the womb) ", cf. Hsu- ‘ child This addition appears also in other IE languages, notably in Latin, where all the old adjectival w-stems are supplanted by w-stems : levis ' light ‘ (Skt. laghu -), mollis ' soft ' (Skt. mrdu ), brevis, gravis, etc. Conversely -u is added to the suffix A producing the com- pound suffix yu : ydjyu * pious ", sundhyu- 1 pure ", sdhyu- ‘ strong ", manyu- masc. 'anger", mrtyu masc. "death" (Av. m$rddyu-) t ddsyu- ‘ barbarian ", bhujyu- ‘ wealthy ". In Sanskrit this has developed chiefly as a secondary suffix : duvasyu- 4 worshipping ", udanyu- ‘ irrigating J , adhvaryu - ' a kind of priest It has come to be specially connected with the de- nominatiye verbal base, devayu- ' pious * : devaydti ' he is pious ", etc., and it tends to acquire a desiderative meaning, vasuyu- 1 desiring wealth ", etc. The formation is very produc- tive in the Veda, but disappears almost completely in the later language. §17. The Suffix i as Union-Vowel It was noticed above that the suffix t acquired under certain circumstances the character of an augment or special insertion between root and suffix (kr-t-ya- ‘ to be done ", etc.). The suffix i also functions in this way in Sanskrit on an extensive scale.
