THE FORMATION OF NOUNS I72 ja6wa- 1 to be slain These are all accented on the root con- trary to the general rule for adjectives. Tho classical type in -tavya [kartdvya-, alternatively kartavya - ‘ to be done etc.) is made from the gunated /w-suffix with addition of the adjectival suffix -ya. In Greek yei another variant (-tewos) occurs,. 7TOl7}T€OS , etC. By yet another enlargement of the -tu suffix the gerunds in - tva are provided which are used with uncompounded verbs. These appear with the root normally in its weakened form, and with the accent on the suffix : istvA f having sacrificed krtvA ' having made gatvA ' having gone tirtvA ‘ having crossed drstva ‘ having seen pltva 4 having drunk sndtva 1 having bathed etc., etc. These formations have at first sight the appearance of being instrumentals of action nouns in -tu. As such their form would be in order, assuming they are ancient forms, since originally the accent was on the termination in the weak cases and this caused reduction of the root. The chief difficulty against such an ex- planation is the co-existence in the Veda of a gerund in -tvi. This formation is actually more frequent in the Rgveda than the gerund in -tv A- : krtvi 4 having done gatvi f having gone V bhutvi c having become etc. The latter formation cannot be explained as an instrumental or any other case ending of a verbal noun in - tu . Since the explanation of both forms must run on parallel lines, it follows that the forms in - tvi are also not case endings. The only explanation possible is that these are the suffixes d and i, and the fact that they function here in the same manner is in accordance with the close relation be- tween them elsewhere. So we must have here two compound suffixes used adverbially with the final accent that usually appears in the adverbial use of nominal stems (prdtdr, etc.). The suffix -td, an extension with the d - suffix of the simple t- suffix, is specialised in the making of abstract nouns from adjectives. As a primary suffix it is very rare, e,g. did 1 layer ", more common in Greek, ycverrf, etc. The usual type is repre- sented in the Veda by such examples as devdtd 4 divinity purusdtd 4 humanity bandhutd 1 relationship vasutd 4 wealthi- ness etc. In classical Sanskrit they are made freely from all adjectival stems: krsnatd "blackness', purnata 4 fullness V dirghatd 4 longness etc. The suffix appears with the same func- tion in other IE languages : Russ, polnota ' fullness * O. SL
