THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 173 crinota 4 blackness dlugota ' length OHG .fullida 4 fullness Goth, diupipa 4 depth Lat. iuventa ' youth This suffix could be strengthened by the further addition of suffixal t, producing the suffix -tat. Examples (found only in the Rgveda) are upardtat- 4 proximity dev at at- 4 godliness vrkatdt - 4 woliishness, murderousness sarvdtdt - 4 complete- ness The same suffix appears in Avestan ( haurvatdt - 4 whole- ness,’ etc.), Greek (fiapvnjs 4 heaviness etc.), where it com- pletely replaces -id as a secondary suffix, and Latin (civitds, etc.). Just as the simple suffix ~t could be extended by the addition of suffixal -i ( dasdt -, daiati-), so the compound could be ex- tended to -tdti. Examples are jyesthdtdti- ' superiority ’, devdtati - 4 divinity sarvdtdti - r completeness vasutati - 4 wealth', satydtdti- 4 truth sdntdti - 4 good fortune The last two may also be used as adjectives (like certain formations in -ti). § 15. The Suffix m The suffix m plays an important part in nominal derivation in Sanskrit and the other IE languages, It has already ap- peared in the groups -mar, -man, - mant , -min. It is also produc- tive of thematic adjectives in -md t and occasionally appears in other formations. The problem with this suffix is that, in con- tradistinction to all the others, it is hardly ever found as a simple, uncompounded suffix, although the various compound suffixes mentioned must have been formed, like other compound suffixes, by additions to just such a simple suffix. The only surviving examples appear to be the numeral stems saptd and data, Lat. septem , decern , IE *septm (earlier sdptm on account of apophony), ddkrp. Here the suffix appears in its weak form like the n- suffix in nama (Lat. nomen), etc,, and these numerals are of exactly the type as the primary neuter nouns. The frequency of m in various derivative suffixes shows that it must have originally been common as a primary neuter suffix. The reason that it does not appear as such, is that it has been replaced by other formations, and this has come about in two ways. The first process is illustrated by the juxtaposition of yugdm nom, acc. sg. nt. 4 yoke ' and yugmd - 4 paired Like other thematic adjectival suffixes yugmd - is to be analysed yugm-d and the consonantal w-stem on which it is based is none
