THE FORMATION OF NOUNS X 7 X found in the Vedic language. They are invariably accented on the root which takes guna. (except sutave 1 to bring forth 7 be- side sdvitave) : Have 4 to go kdrtave ' to do ', datave 4 to give mdntave 4 to think ydstave 4 to sacrifice etc. (3) The ablatives occur less frequently : hdntos * from being struck etos 4 from going etc. The formation appears occa- sionally also in a genitive sense, kdrtos 4 doing 7 (with tnadhya), ddtos 4 giving ’ (with ise). In addition to these three types there also occurs occasion- ally in the Veda a type in -tavai : dtavai 4 to go hdntavai c to slay It has the anomaly of a double accent which has not been explained, and it is always followed by the particle -w. It appears to be based on a thematic extension of the gunated tu- suffix {*dtava- nt.) with the old form of the dative singular (Av. -di). The neuter suffix -tvd which must in origin be a thematic for- mation based on the /w-suffix, is frequent, and is used exclusively in the formation of secondary abstract nouns : amrtatvd- ' im- mortality devatvd - 7 divinity sucitvd- 4 purity ', satrutvd - f enmity etc. The accent of these secondary formations has nothing to do with the old system, but comes from the tendency to evolve a special taddhita accent for secondary neuters which has been noticed above. Avestan has such formations, though not abundantly (1 ratuQwa - ' office of rain- etc.), also a number of primary formations with this suffix, vadwa - * herd staodwa- 4 prayer Primary formations with this suffix are represented in Sanskrit by only a few forms and these are confined to Vedic, namely pdtva- 1 ram, wether *, and a series of words in which -pitvd is combined with various prefixes. The commonest of these are prapitvti - * going forth, time of going forth, morn- ing * and abhipitvd- * coining in, coming home in the evening, evening time The further extended suffix -tvand appears in the Veda in the same sense : mahitvand - 7 greatness sakhitvand - 'friendship etc. Though ignored by classical Sanskrit it turns up again in Middle Indo-Aryan (- ttana -), and has been preserved even to the modem period (Hi. -pan). There are some thematic adjectives based on the suffix -iu which are used as gerundives in the Vedic language : kdrtva- 'to be done *, jdtva- 4 to be won vdktva - 1 to be said sdnitva-
- to be gained hdntva - * to be slain Likewise in Avestan,
