THE VERB 312 Gk, tforau. In the Vedic language there occur some forms with- out the the termination being identical with that of the first person as in the perfect : duhi t idye, srnvd, etc. In view of the Hittite middle formations of the third person of the type esa , kisa (cf. aduha below), this type must be regarded as ancient and not as an importation from the perfect system. S. ab karat a, Gk. €<f>€pero, opt. bhdreta, Gk. pepoiro. The 4a which appears in Hittite as primary ending aria ( stands up kitta ‘ lies 1 beside artari, kittari) is equivalent to the Sanskrit secondary ending. Rare forms without t corresponding to the presents duhd, etc., are aisa and aduha (is- * to rule duh- ' to milk ') r cf. Hitt, primary esa, kisa , etc. Pf. dadhd cakrd, etc. On the other hand Gk. has 4- as in the present, SeSorcw, etc. Impv. bhdratdm , dhattam , cf. Av. v Wdzyatam. This form and the corresponding plural antdmjatdm are without parallel outside Indo-Iranian. A form without 4-, corresponding to the indica- tive endings P. -e, S, -a, appears occasionally in the Veda : duhdm . 1 Plur . P. Pf. ydjdmahe , Av. yazamaide, brumahe ' we Say Av. mrumaide , cakrmdhe , etc. S. dbharamahi, cf. Av. varzmaidi ( var - 1 to choose '), etc. Sanskrit -h- is from -dh-, as in the im- perative -hi, etc., the original Indo-Iranian terminations being
- -madhai and - madhi . Closely related to these forms but differ-
ing in the matter of the final vowel is Gk. -pLtda <*medha, which serves as both primary and secondary ending : </>cpo- tytpofieBa. Greek has also a fuller ending -peaftz, with which Hitt, -wasta is to be compared, there being the same alternation of m and w as appears in the active (men/wen). 2 Plur. P. Pf. bhdradhve , dadidhvi , cf. Av. mzrmgdduye (marzk- 1 to destroy ’). S. dbharadhvam , cf. Av. ddrayahwzm, etc. The Greek ending -<j8e (primary and secondary) may be related presuming it is out of -zdhwe, and more closely the dual ending -udov ( <zdhwom ) the dual use of which is, as elsewhere, a secondary adaptation. The Hittite termination, primary dutna (pahhasduma * you protect '), S. dumat is more obviously con- nected, -dum- being the weak grade corresponding to - dhvam . 3 Plur . P. (a) bharanie , Gk. fitpovraa, asate ‘ they sit ', Gk. Horn. Tjarax (<*esytai) ; (b) Ure ‘ they lie Av. soire , saere, duhrd , sunviri , with the same endings as the perfect. A combin- ation of a and b appears in i&rate, duhrate. S. (a) abharanta , Gk. €<f>€pQVTo, dsata f they sat Gk. Horn, i^aro ; (b) Three
