THE VERB 313 varieties of f -ending appear: (1) - ra : dduhra , (2) -ran: dduhran , dseran, opt. dstran, hhdreran , (3) -ram : asasrgram > cf, Av. vaozirsm (vaz- ' to carry ’). The types (2) and (3) are clearly enlargements of type (1) which must be regarded as most original. By combination of (a) and (b) arise the termina- tions -ranta and - rata : dvavrtranta ( vrt - ' to turn '), bharerata . Outside the optatives in -frara, the r-endings are compara- tively rare and archaic formations in the Vedic language beside the normal ^-formations. They are almost completely dis- carded in the classical language. It will be observed that the r is identical with the r which appears in the third plural of the active, and it is the elements added to it which characterise the terminations as middle (- e in duhrd , etc., -a in aduhra). Pf. Ex- clusively r-en dings : duduhri , cakriri , etc., cf. Av. idxrare (variant -arai which does not occur in Skt., cf. Av. -ard active which is likewise missing in Skt.). 1 Dual. P. Pf. bhdravahe , cakrvdhe, S. dbhardvahi . Avestan has only - vaidi : dvaidt ( dav- 3 i.e. du-vaidi). The Hitt, plural ending - wasta has formally the same relationship to Indo- Iranian - vadhi as Gk. -fitoda to - madhi . 2, 3 Dual . P. Pf. thematic 2 bhdrethe , cdrethe , cf. Av. 3 dual cardtOe , 3 bhdrete- cf. Av. visaete ; non-thematic 2 bruv&the , mamndthe, 3 bruvdte , mamndte . S. thematic 2 dbharetham , 3 dbharetam , cf. Av. jasaetzm (with short vowel of termination as opposed to long vowel in Sanskrit) ; non-thematic 2 airw- vdthdm (sru- ' to hear *), 3 airuvdtdm , Av. asrvdtzm. The variation between Iranian -tom and Skt. -tom in the third person corresponds to a similar difference in the active (Av. jasatzm, Skt. dgacchatam). No corresponding endings appear outside Indo-Iranian. The Greek terminations, P. 2, 3 -cr#ov, S. 2 -crflov, 3 -oOrjv are connected with the second plural of the middle. On the other hand the Indo-Iranian forms are con- nected with the corresponding active terminations of the dual. The same variation between th and t appears between the two persons in the primary endings, and in the middle this is intro- duced also into the secondary endings. The final -e of the primary endings is the same -e characterising the middle which appears throughout the primary system. The influence of this -e of the middle is responsible for the substitution of e for the a of thematic stems (abhavetdm as opposed to active dbhavaiam , Av, fasaitvm beside jasatzm). Non-thematic verbs are distin-
