NUMERALS, PRONOUNS, I N D EC L I N A B L E S 285 used, but ud , ni, para, pra, ava and vi are exceptions. Their use, mainly postpositional, may be illustrated by a few examples : dti : yd devo marly dn dti ' the god who is beyond mortals ddhi : prthivydm ddhy osadhih ‘ the plants upon the earth dpi : yd apdm dpi vratd 1 who are in the domain of the waters’. dnu : mama cittam dnu cittdbhir dta 1 follow after my mind with your minds abhi : ydh ■ pradiso abhi stiryo vicdsie ' what quarters the sun looks abroad to a : mdrtyesu a 1 among mortals up a : amur yd up a surye 1 those who are near the sun pari : jdto hundvatas pari ' born from the Himalaya prdti : dbodhy agnih prdty dyaiim usdsam 1 Agni has been awakened to meet the approaching dawn sam : te sumatibhih sdm pdtnibhir nd vfsano nashnahi t may we be united with thy favours as males with their spouses The use of the last one is rare, and in its place the radically related sahd commonly appears as a postposition with the in- strumental in the earlier and later language. Of the other words listed above the only ones so used in the later language are dnu , prati and a. The first two are used as postpositions, the latter as a preposition with the ablative meaning ‘ up to d samudrat ‘ up to the ocean In addition a variety of adverbs, both the old inherited type and the newer adverbially used case-forms, are used to define more closely the relation expressed by a case affix or in con- junction with it to express a relation which cannot be expressed by a case-termination alone. Such are ; With accusative : liras ' through antdr , antard ‘ between avarena ' below parena r beyond uttarena f to the north of daksinena c to the south of nikasd ‘ near ’ ; e.g. yd 'varena* dityam, yd parenddityam ' those who are below the sun, those who are beyond the sun daksinena vddim ‘ to the south of the altar ', nikasd Yamunam ' close to the Jumna ; . , With instrumental : Mainly words meaning * with e.g. saha (above), sdkam t sardhdm , samdm, samdya , sardtham, but also vind 1 without ’ which follows the analogy of the words of contrasting meaning. The dative is the only case which is not used in conjunction with words of prepositional character. Nevertheless, as noted
