286 NUMERALS, PRONOUNS, IN DECLINABLE S above, the form of the dative of a-stems (-aya) can only be ex- plained by the incorporation of what was originally an inde- pendent postposition. With ablative : bahts 1 outside of ' pur as 4 in front of 4 , avds , adhds 4 below 4 , pura 4 before paras 4 beyond vina 4 without 4 (also instrumental), arvdk 4 this side of pascAt 4 behind urdhvdm 1 above Hi 4 without 4 , etc. With genitive : mostly case-forms of nouns or adjectives which take this case by virtue of retaining their nominal char- acter. Such are agre 4 in front of abhydse, satntpe 4 near arthe, krte 4 for the sake of madhye 4 in the midst of Words of more purely adverbial character used with the genitive are upari 4 above pardstat 4 beyond purastdt 4 before etc. With locative : antdr, antara 4 inside sued 4 with Verbal Prefixes . A widespread feature of Indo-European is the compounding of verbs with prepositional prefixes. It is normally the same words which appear in use as the common prepositions which are compounded with the verbs. In San- skrit, it has been noted, the system of prepositions (or post- positions) used in conjunction with nouns is much less developed than in the related languages. On the other hand the use of the same class of words as verbal prefixes is as fully developed in Sanskrit as in the other IE languages. The common prefixes so used are as follows : dti 4 across, beyond 4 (Av. aiti, O. Pers. atiy ; Gk. cti : also, still 4 , Lat. et ‘ and 4 which are used differently), ddhi ‘ above, on, on to 4 (Av. aidt, aiSi, 0. Pers. adiy) dnu 4 after, along, towards 1 (Av. anu, O. Pers. anuv ; Gk. dvd with variant suffix), antdr 4 with- in 4 (Av. antara, O. Pers. antar, Lat. inter), apa 4 away, from 4 (Av. O. Pers. apa, Gk. diro, Lat. ab ; Hitt, appa 4 back, be- hind 4 ), dpi c unto, upon 4 (Av. aipi , 0. Pers. apiy, Gk. k-nl ; in Sanskrit used rarely in this way but mostly as a conjunction 4 also cf. Gk. ert, Lat. et above), abht 4 to, towards, against 4 (Av. aiwi, O. Pers. ably, O. SI. obu t obi , Lat. ob), dva 4 down, off 4 (Av. O. Pers. ava, O. Pruss. au- t O. SI. u- t Lat. au-) f A 4 to, up to. at ' (Av. O. Pers. d ), ud 4 up, forth, out 4 (Av. us -, uz- f O. Pers. ud Ir. ud -, od- t Goth, ut 4 out 4 ), upa 4 to, toward, near 4 (Av. upa, O. Pers, upd, Gk. vtto, Goth, uf), nt 4 down 4 (Av. ni- t 0. Pers. niy-), nts 4 out, forth 4 (Av. mi-), para 4 forth, away 4 (0. Pers. para), pari 4 around 4 (Av. pairi , O. Pers. pariy , Gk. nepl), prd 4 forward, forth 4 (Av. O. Pers. fra - O. SI. pro,
