282 NUMERALS, PRONOUNS, INDECLINABLES satyam ‘ truly ’, nltyam * continually dram 1 for a long time sddaram * respectfully ndndratham ' on different chariots ’ , praddna-purvam * accompanied by a gift f . Those compounds which have a preposition as their first member are classed by the grammarians as avyaylbhdva . Such ar epratyagni ' towards the fire anusvadhdm * by one's own will pratidosdm 1 towards evening and the like. Adverbs meaning : like — ' are formed by means of the suffix - vat in its nom. acc. sg, nt. form, the accent being on the suffix (as opposed to bdlavat , etc,) : manusvdt 1 like Manu pur an aval * as of old ', etc. The acc. sg. is occasionally so used in the case of masculine and feminine nouns : kamam ' at will, if you will ndktam * by night vasam 1 freely, as one wills The feminine accusative functions adverbially in certain cases where the suffixes - tar a and -tama are added to adverbs : uccaistardm * higher sanaistaram ' more gradually etc. These suffixes are allowed by the grammarians to be added even to finite verbs — sTdate- tardm, etc., thoqgh no trace of such usage appears in the earlier language. From the adverbial accusative there develops a special form of gerund in -am : abhikrdmam juhoti ' approach^ ing (the fire) he offers viparyasam avaguhati ' he buries it up- side down These formations are common in the Brdhmanas , but rare earlier. In the later language only a repeated variety is used : madkukardndm kvanitdni srdvam-srdvam pariba- bhrama ' constantly hearing the humming of bees he wandered .about The adverbial use of the instrumental may be illustrated by such examples as sdhasd * suddenly anjasa ‘ suddenly distyd * fortunately aiesena ‘ completely daksinena ' to the south 9 , sanakais * slowly uccais * on high meats ‘ below A number of adverbial instrumentals in - d have a locative rather than an instrumental sense : diva * by day ', dosd ‘ in the evening etc. Shift of accent sometimes characterises the form as an adverb : so in diva, madhya 1 in the middle daksind * to the right'. In the Vedic language there occur adverbs in - ay A such as naktayd ' by night rtaya ' in the right way sumnayd * piously svapnaya 1 in a dream Avestan has similar formations, angrayd ' evilly as ay a 1 rightly etc. These have the appearance of instrumental singulars of fem- inine i-stems, but no such a-stems occur. Possibly they have
