NUMERALS, PRONOUNS, INDECLINABLES 281 of 3 parts ' beside Iridhd ), but it has come to function exactly like a suffix. -dha, -ha : A suffix -dha appears occasionally, e.g. Vedic sadha- 4 with ’ (in certain compounds; usually it is weakened to -ha : sahd ' with ’). The same suffix with the same weakening appears in ihd 4 here ’ (Pa. idha, Av. 18a) f kuha 4 where ' (Av. kudu, O. SI. kude ), visvdha 4 always ' (Q. SL viside ‘ everywhere ') and samaha 4 in some way or other -s' as : This suffix makes distributive adverbs from numerals and other words : dvisds 4 in twos, two by two satasds ‘ by hundreds sahasrasds 4 in thousands ', sreniids 4 in rows devaids 4 to each of the gods *, etc. ; cf. Av. navaso ' in nines The corresponding suffix in Greek is -/ca?, in eVas- # by oneself ’ and avSpaKas ' man by man The ultimate analysis of this element is not certain. -rhi : karhi 4 when ? tdrhi 1 then etdrhi 4 now yarhi 4 where (rel.) amurhi 4 there The first element of this double suffix appears independently in various IE languages to make adverbial derivatives from pronominal stems : Lat. cur 4 why Goth, par 4 there Lith. kuf 4 where visur 4 everywhere etc. The second element is best explained as a weakening of -dhi (cf. -ha above) and this -dhi may be compared with the which appears in Greek in such words as 7 toOi 4 where r68t 4 there Adverbially Used Case Forms. It has been pointed out that a large number of the adverbs dealt with above are, in their ultimate analysis, case forms of nominal stems, e.g. the simple neuter stem which elsewhere functions as nom. acc. sg. nt. (jatu), endingless locative (prdtdr)., instrumental (iayutri). In principle such adverbs are formed in the same way as those below, but the stems on which they are based no longer exist apart from the adverbs concerned. The following list consists of adverbs formed from stems which are used also as substan- tives or adjectives. The most common case form used in the making of adjectives is the nom. -acc. sg. nt. By this means adverbs are formed, occasionally from nouns, copiously from adjectives, including all compounds which are adjectives. Typical examples are puru 4 abundantly uru 4 widely mdhi 4 greatly bhiiyas ' more, again rdhas 4 secretly nyak 4 downwards ', nima 4 by name sukham 4 happily bdlavat 4 strongly ', dhrsnu 4 boldly
