NUMERALS, PRONOUNS, INDECLIN ABLES 283 developed out of the locative singular with postposition d of the type O. Pers. dastaya 4 in the hand On the other hand a similar formation appears (also confined to the Vedic language) in connection with stems in -u : raghuyd 4 quickly ", dhrsnuyd 4 boldly etc. ; cf. Av. cisaya 4 quickly A satisfactory explan- ation to account for both types is difficult to find. Examples of other cases used adverbially are : dat. (rare) apardya 4 for the future cirdya f for long ahndya 4 presently abl. pascal 4 behind saksdt 4 evidently sandt 4 from of old ’ (with changed accent), adhardt 4 below ’ ; gen. (rare) aktos 4 by night vasios 4 by day ' ; loc. diird 4 afar ’, rdhasi 4 secretly ’, sthdne 4 suitably sapadi 4 immediately Miscellaneous Adverbs and Particles. In addition to the adverbs classified above, mention may be made of the follow- ing. The particle evd 4 only ’ is possibly to be identified with the stem of that form of the word for one which appears in Iranian and Greek (Av. aeva-, Gk. ofo?), and evdm 4 so ' is probably the neut. sg. of the same word. Of the particles of comparison iva 4 like ' appears to be based on the pronominal base i- and its formation may be compared with that of the stem ava-. In the Vedic language a particle nd f homophonous with the negative particle is used in this sense : guard na trsitdh piba 4 drink like a thirsty bison etc. A comparable form elsewhere appears only as an enclitic particle in certain combinations : Av. yadand, ciBmd, Lat. quidne . This enclitic may be seen also in Skt. cana ( kdscana 4 anybody '). The negative na is a common IE base : cf. Av. na-, O. SI. ne , Lith. ne, Lat. ne-. Goth, ni, etc. As the first member of com- pounds it appears in a weakened form, a- ( <n-), before vowels an- ; similarly Av. O. Pers. a-, an-, Gk. a-, av-, Lat. in-, Ir. an-, Goth, an-. The adverbs nu, nti, nunam 4 now 1 belong to a family well represented in Indo-European : Av, nu, niirzm, Mod. Pers. nun, Oss. nur, O. SI. nyne, Lith. nu, Gk. vv , vvv, vvv, Lat. nun-c , Engl, now, etc. The radical element is that which appears in the adjective ndva- 4 new Formed directly on the adverb Sanskrit has nutana-, nUtna- 4 new, belonging to the present time From a comparison of Greek it appears that the form nundm is to be analysed nun-am, and that it contains the same strengthening affix which was frequently met with in the pro- nominal formations. The njr alternation between Skt. nundm
