280 numerals, pronouns, indeclin ables -tat : This formation which arises from a contamination of the above with the ablative termination -at appears in such adverbs as udaktdt 4 from above praktat ( from in front adhdstdt * (from) below purdstdt 1 from or in the front 1 and the like. There are no parallels in other languages. -trd : With this suffix are formed adverbs with a locatival sense from noun stems (in the Veda only) and from pro- nominal stems : devatrd 4 among the gods ', purusatrA 4 among men sayutrd 4 on a couch daksinatra 1 on the right side atrfi ‘ here tatra 1 there kutra 4 where etc. The forms (com- pare those in - tas ) are occasionally used as substitutes for the locative case : hdsta d daksinatrd 4 in the right hand Similar formations in Iranian are Av . vayhaQra 4 at the place of dwell- ing ' , idra 4 here V adrd 1 there ', kudra ‘ where etc. As already indicated these adverbs are based on the extinct class of neuters in -tar ( *sayutar 4 couch *vasatar 4 dwelling-place '), of which they are instrumentals, with the locatival sense which instrumental forms always have when used adverbially. The fluctuation between a and d is due to variant treatment in sandhi of final -a<an, of which examples are noted elsewhere. -thd, - tham : The suffix Aha forms adverbs of manner ; rtutha 4 regularly pratndtha 4 as of old visvatha 4 in every way anyathd 4 otherwise tathd 4 so kathd 4 how itthd 4 thus etc. More rarely -tham appears in the same sense : kathdm 4 how ’, itthdm 4 thus A similar formative appears only in Iranian : Av, ka6a } ku8a 4 how avada 4 thus hamaBa 1 in the same way ', etc. -dd, -ddntm, - di : The suffix -da in kadd 4 when tad a 4 then ida 4 now J , sarvada ' always 1 contains clearly as its first ele- ment the -d of the neuter pronouns (tad, etc.). Similar forma- tions appear in Iranian (Av. kaSa, ta8a, etc.), and Lithuanian (kadd f tadd ; vis add 4 always '). These forms may be extended by the addition of an element -mm of obscure origin : iddntm, taddnim ; vibadamm ' always The same pronominal -d appears in the -di of yddi 4 if ' (: 0. Pers. yadiy, Av. yeiSi) , -dhd : This suffix meaning ' in so many parts ' appears in such words as tridhd 4 triply caturdhd 4 four fold katidha 4 in how many parts /, bahudhd 4 in many ways vibddhd 4 in every way bahirdhd 4 outside mitradha 4 in a friendly manner The -dhd is not in origin suffixal, but the root dhd forming a compound with the previous member (cf. tridhitu * consisting
