88 PHONO! OGY chariot jdniya - ‘ relating to the people udaniya- ' watery r The two types are of course confused in the later language, and the difference revealed by the Vedic metre, is simply explained when it is realised that there are two different suffixes, (i) i + a, (2) i + H+tf. The declension of the stems in t and u ( <tH, mh) where the suffix always retains its syllabic value before a vocalic ending (gen. s. vrkiyas, tanuvas<°tuas ) °unas) confirms this quite clearly, since the corresponding genitives of dm- ‘ sheep ' and mddhu ' honey 1 (avyas, mddhvas ) show always the consonantal value of y and v. (4) Most significant of all, traces of the original nature of h are preserved in Sanskrit in cases where it was immediately preceded by an occlusive. Here the combination occlusive + h may produce an aspirated occlusive. As already stated, it was in this way that the whole category of surd aspirates arose in late Indo-European. Examples of this have already been given. Examples of sonant aspirates arising in this way are seen when an aspirate in Sanskrit appears to correspond to a non-aspirate in other languages, or when a final non- aspirated occlusive of a root appears with aspiration in a derivative. In these cases original suffixal h is responsible for the aspiration ; e.g. mdhd- 4 great ' : Gk. tUyds. Here the root is followed by the suffix <zh(>a), which appears in its weak form (-H-) in the gen. sg., and this h being in immediate contact with the preceding g causes aspiration (meg-H.-ds>meghd$>niahds) , and from such forms the aspiration is extended to the whole declension. The same thing has taken place in duhitdr- ‘ daughter ' (dhug- h- itdr-) : Gk. dvydrr^pj ahdm 4 1 # (egn-dm) : Gk. £yu> (egou), sadhastka- ‘ seat, abode 1 [sed-n-es-) : sad - 4 to sit slndhu- 1 river ' : syand - f to flow Before the discovery of Hittite there existed in Indo-Euro- pean studies a 4 Laryngeal Theory which, since it received partial confirmation from the new Hittite evidence, has come to be generally adopted in recent years. Briefly stated in its most popular form the theory maintains that there existed three laryngeals, which in this notation would be represented by Hj, h 2 , h 3 . The original long vowels of Indo-European (as opposed to those long by vrddhi), result from a combination of a single guna vowel e with the several laryngeals, so that from en lt en % and 6H a , e (e,g. dhe - 4 to put '), d (e.g. std 4 to stand ') and 6 {e.g. do r to give ') are respectively derived (i.e. the roots
