PHONOLOGY 87 are Skt. liras ' across ' : Av. taro ; sir as- 4 head Av. surah-, cl. Gk. Kapd, Kaprjvov ; pur as 4 in front J , Av. pard, Gk. napo$ ; puras n. pi, 1 cities cf. Lith. pills 4 fort 5 (guna in Gk. ttoXis) ; puru - ' much Av. pouru- (lx. paru-) ; hiranya - 4 gold Av. zaranya- ; gin- ‘ mountain Av. gairi cf. Lith. giria 4 forest 1 (guna in O. SI. gora 1 mountain ') ; girdti , gildti 4 swallows tirdti ‘ crosses, overcomes ', kirdti 4 scatters etc. The varia- tion between i and u in these cases depends on the preceding consonant ; preceded by a labial, or in some cases by an old labio-velar, u appears, elsewhere i is normal. (2) The combination rH also gave rise to a special develop- ment when followed by a consonant. In this case ir } ur appears in Sanskrit, but in Iranian predominantly ar. So we have Sirs an- ‘ head ' beside sir as (krusen- : krues-), tirnd- and kirnd- beside tirdti, kirdti , etc., and with u, purnd- 4 full ' (after labial). Other words with ir , Hr of this origin are : irntd- ‘ arm, foreleg Av. arzma O. Pruss. irmo, Lat. annus , Engl, arm ; urdhvd- 4 upright, high Av. vrdhwa-, Lat. arduus ; urnd 4 wool f , Av. varzna, Lith. vilna ; urmi- ' wave Av. varmii-, A.S. wielm ; urvdrd 4 cultivated land Av. urvara 4 cultivated plant ' <*rHvara, cf. Lat. ardre 4 plough Gk. dpovpa 'ploughed field etc. ; dirghd- ‘ long Av. dardya-, O. SI. dlugu ; pfirva - 1 former Av. paurva O. SI. pruvu ; bhtirja- 4 birch ' (Lith. bdrzas , etc,, with different grade). To account for these de- velopments original long sonant liquids were set up (f, /), and these could have conceivably existed at an intermediate stage (rn>f>ir, ur), the development being parallel to that of in, uii to i , u. In the same fashion the long sonant nasals which were postul- ated may be replaced by nu and mu. From the root san(ii) 4 to win ' the Skt. participle said- develops regularly through *santd- from snttto-, with regular weak form of root. In the case of mu the nasalisation is preserved (or reintroduced), but the original presence of H is clearly enough indicated by the long vowel : ddnta- ‘ tamed ', sdntd- 4 appeased from dam{y, sam( h)-. (3) In the Vedic language -ya- after a light syllable is pro- nounced as one syllable if it is simply a combination of y + a : dvya- * belonging to a sheep kavya- ‘ wise vdnya- ' of the forest ', havya - * oblation When on the other hand it goes back to -t Ha (a suffix parallel to -ira, - isa , etc.) ya is pronounced -iya ; ddmiya- 4 belonging to the house ', rdthiya- 4 relating to a
