PHONOLOGY 77 are particularly common in the Balto-Slavonic languages : Lith, akm& ' stone Skt. dsman cf. Gk. cuv ; klausyti ' to hear ', cf. Skt. srdsamdna-, Toch. A. klycs - ; Lith. pekus, O. Pruss. peckn , Skt. pdsu ' domestic animal Lat. pecu ; O, SI. svekru * father-in-law Skt. svdsura Lat. socer ; 0. SL creda * collection, herd Skt. sdrdha - ; Lith. smakra ‘ chin Alb. mjekre, Skt. stndsru - ' beard Ir, smech 1 chin Clearly a theory which leaves almost as many irregularities as it clears away is not very soundly established, and since these cases have to be explained as examples of dialect mixture in early Indo- European, it would appear simplest to apply the same theory to the rest. The case for this is particularly strong when we remember that when false etymologies are removed, 1 when allowance is made for suffix alternation, and when the possi- bility of loss of labialisation in the vicinity of the vowel u is considered (e.g. kravis-, ugrd not many examples remain for the foundation of the theory. § 7 . The Second Palatalisation After the completion of the changes characteristic of the satzm - languages the parent dialect of Indo-Iranian possessed the two series k, g, gh and s, z, zh (or 6, /, jh ). The latter re- mained essentially unchanged till the end of the Indo-Iranian period. The former underwent the following alteration. Be- fore the vowels $ (later changed to a in Indo-Iranian) and t and before the semivowel y, k, g and gh developed respectively into the affricates c, / and jh, of which the last was later altered into Iranian / and Sanskrit h respectively. k : Skt. ca ‘ and Gk. re, Lat. que ; catvdras ' four 0. SL cetyre , Lith. keturi , Gk. reacrapes, Lat. quattuor sdcate ' assoc- iates with', Av. haiaiti , Gk. h rercu 'follows', Lat. seqiiitur, Ir. sechithir ; panca 1 five Lith. penki, Gk. 77cWe, Lat. quin- que ; pdcati ‘ cooks O. SI. pecetu , but 1 sg. pekq ; cakrd - ' wheel A.S. hweohl, cf. Gk. kvkXos, Toch. A. kukdl ; cdru- ' a particular vessel A.S. hwer 1 kettle cf. O. Ir. coire , Welsh pair 'id.' g : Skt. jivd- ' alive, life jfvati ' lives Av. jfvaiti, O. Sl. zivu ' alive L Lat. 1 nvus, Gk. fiios ; jyd ' bowstring Lith. gijd 1 For instance Skt, kola- ' black ' is from Dravidian and not connected with Lat. caligd, etc. ; the Aryan root hayi - (Skt. hanya ' girl ‘ , etc.) cannot be con- nected with Gk. Acatvoj ' new because its primary meaning is quite certainly
- little ' and not ‘ new
