PHONOLOGY 76 ' commerce * : Skt. krt- ' to buy 1 (IE *k w ri), in Toch. A. kukdl ' chariot Gk. kvkXos 1 wheel 1 : Skt. cakra-, Engl, wheel (+k w ek w los) and in Gk. yvmj ' woman 7 : Skt. gnd (*g^nd) r Examples like these seem to reflect an earlier sta ge of Ind o- European, "when the labial elemen t in connection with these velars was equivalent t o ordinary §6. The Pure Velar Series This series has been invented to account for those cases in which k, g t etc., of the centum - languages are not palatalised in the stf/^m-languages, and they are devoid of the labial element whose influence is so marked in the case of the labio-velars. Examples quoted are such as the following : k : Skt. kdksa- 4 armpit cf. Lat. coxa, OHG. hahsa ; Skt. kravis- * raw flesh Lith. kraiijas , O. SI. kruvl ' blood Gk. Kpeas, Lat. cm or ; Skt. krntdti ' cuts 1 (J~ker4~), Gk. Kelpw ; karkata - 4 crab Gk. KapKivos, Lat. cancer ; krndtti ' spins 7 , cf. Gk. 4 spin Lat. colus 4 distaff 7 ; ahkd - ' bending, lap cf. Lat. uncus , Gk. oyKos ; °kulva- ' bald Lat. calvus ; kavt- 4 a wise man Gk. ko4 <0 ' take notice of Lat. caveo . g ; Skt. sthag- ' to cover Gk. crrlyoj, Lat. lego ; tigmd- 'sharp', Gk. onypurj 'puncture 7 ; agas- 'guilt 7 , Gk. ayos ugrd- r strong 7 , Av. aogar 9 ; ' strength 7 , Lat. augeo, augustus . gh : stigh- 4 to stride Gk. orelx o> Goth, steiga ; dlrghd- ' long O. SL dlugu, Gk. SoAi^s-, Hitt, dalugas ; megha- ' cloud *, Lith. migla , Gk. The difficulty that arises from postulating a third series in the parent language, is that no more than two series (Lat. quis : cams t Skt. kds : svam) are found in any of the existing lan- guages, In view of this it is exceedingly doubtful whet her three distinct series existed in Indo-Europeam The assumption of the third series has been a convenienceior the theoreticians, but it is unlikely to correspond to historical fact. Furthermore, on examination, this assumption does not turn out to be as convenient as would be wished. While it accounts in a way for correspondences like the above which otherwise would appear irregular, it still leaves over a considerable number of forms in the satem-languages which do not fit into the framework. Such are Skt. klam- ' to be tired 7 beside it am- ' id cf, Gk. tcXapiapos 1 weak, slack and ruc-jruk - 4 to shine 7 beside rusdnt ' bright 7 , cf. Gk. Ac vkq$ ' white etc. Examples of this kind
