74 PHONOLOGY It will be observed that ultimate Indo-Aryan and Iranian developments differ from each other (Skt. £ f j, h — Av. s, z, z). This is because the changes that have occurred have taken place in two phases : (i) a previous common Indo-Iranian de- velopment £, z , zh, (2) the change of these to the actual forms in Indo-Aryan and Iranian after the separation of the two groups. The first change is common to Indo-Iranian and the languages of the satzm group (see Chapter I) and took place within the Indo-European period. Later there were various special de- velopments in other languages too, which in the case of Slavonic happen to be identical with those of Iranian. The intermediate forms s , i, zh will explain most of the Indo- Iranian developments, as they will the Balto-Slavonic, but it is likely that before complete assibilation there was an affricate stage. Evidence of this is preserved in the Kafiri dialects, which occupy an intermediate position between Indian and Iranian. The treatment that occurs in Kati due 1 10 ' and cut
- empty ' for instance (Skt. dasa, sunyd~) seems clearly to reflect
a form more ancient than that of Sanskrit. We may therefore postulate an earlier Indo-Iranian (and the same will apply to the satftn languages generally) series 6 , /, jh (or/', d d f h to be distinguished from 6 , J, jh of the second palatalisation). This being so it becomes possible that (1) Skt.y of this series, with its renunciation, has develop^Jirectly^ouFof j, through with the other affricate £ ; without a sibffant stage z f and (2) that Old Persian 9 f d which appear in place of s, z in the rest of Iranian ( dard - # year Av. sarzd-, Skt. iarad- ; dauStar -
- friend Av. zaoSa- ' enjoyment Skt. jdsa-, jostdr- ; dasta -
' hand Av. za$ta- t Skt. hasta -) have developed directly out of such affricates and that there is therefore no common Iranian treatment. affricate p confusion §5. Treatment of the Labio velars The languages of the satzm group all agree in another feature, namely in the loss of the labial element in the IE series k w f g w , g w h. In the centum languages the series was to begin with pre- served, but later subject to various developments, of which the commonest is the substitution of pure labial occlusives. Leav- ing aside cases which have been affected by the second palatal- isation, the treatment of the labio-velars may be illustrated by the following examples :
