PHONOLOGY 73 • 4 drinks ' ( sfpo -, i.e. pen it pres. *pi-pn^-eti) ) but this appears to be the only example. Incidentally it may be observed that b, apart from a case like this, or as an allophone of p (Skt. upabdd cf. pad- 4 foot etc.) was of extreme rarity, if not altogether absent in Indo-European. §4. The First Palatalisation When we come to the so-called guttural series (Labio- velar, Velar, Palatal, see above), we find that these sounds have been very considerably altered in Sanskrit. To begin with the Palatal series, the treatment is illustrated by the following equations : k : Skt. ivdn - 4 dog Av. span - ; Gk. kv cov, Lat. cams ; iatdm 4 100 Av. sat&n, Lith. fimtas : Gk. exarov, Lat. centum , O, Ir. cet f Goth, hand ; idle 4 lies ' : Gk: Keircu ; idnkate ' hesitates, doubts ' : Lat. cunctor ; vis - 1 clan, settle- ment Av. vis-, O. Pers. vid-, O. SI. vist 4 village Alb. vis 4 place 1 : cf. Gk. ohtos 4 house Lat. vicus ; sroni- 4 buttock Av. sraoni-, Lith. flaunls : Lat. clunis , 0. Ic. hlaun ; £ru- 4 to hear irdvas - 4 fame *, Av. sru- t sravah O. SI, slovo 4 word ' : Gk. *Aeoy, kAuw, Lat. clueor, etc. ; daddrsa 3 rd sg. pf. 4 he saw ' : Gk. h&opKt ; did - 4 to point out ' : Gk. belKWfju, Lat. dico, etc. g: Skt. jdnu 4 knee 4 , Av. zanu ; Gk. yow, Lat. genu: jar ant- 4 old Arm. cer 4 old man ' : Gk. yepwv ; jdmbha- 4 tooth 0. SI. ZQbu , Alb. Semp 4 id ' : Gk, yoppos 4 nail Engl, comb , Toch. A kam, B keme 4 tooth ’ ; jus- 4 to enjoy jdsa- 4 enjoyment Av. zaosa - 4 id ' : Gk. yevopuai 4 taste Lat. gustus , Goth, kiusan- 4 chose 4 ; rajata- 4 silver Av. wvzata-, Gk. apyvpos , Lat. argentum , Ir. arga/ 4 id ' ; 4 drives Av. azaiti ; Gk, ayou, Lat. ago ; bhdrja- 4 birch Lith. bdrzas, O. SI. &reza : AS. fi^orc. gh ; Skt. himd- 4 snow hemantd - 4 winter Av. zima-, Arm. 4 snow Alb. dimm , Lith. imi, 0. SI. ma 4 winter' : Gk. Lat. hiems , 0. Ir. gim-red 4 winter 4 ; amhu- 4 narrow dmhas- 4 distress, difficulty 0. SI. azw&w 4 narrow ' : Gk. ayx^ ‘ throttle Lat. ango, angustus, O. Ir. cum-ung , Goth, aggzfltts 4 narrow 4 ; lih- 4 to lick Arm. lizum , Lith. /ezrii, O. SI. /tzari : Gk. Aei'xto, Lat. /mgo, O. Ir. ligitn, Goth. bi-laigon 4 to lick '.
