PHONOLOGY 7 0 ments of the sonant aspirates belonging to the two guttural series will be treated below. The dental and labial sonant aspirates are normally preserved as in the examples given above, but in some cases, even in the earliest period dh and bh are weakened to h, an anticipation of their later fate in Middle Indo-Aryan. dh : hitd- 4 placed ' (dhd-) } also -dhita- in the Veda ; -hi, termination of the 2 sg. impv., also -dhi, Av. -hi ; the verbal terminations of the 1st dual and plural atmanepada, - vahe , -vahi, - vahai ; -make, - mahi , -mahai, ci. Av. -maide, -maidi ; ihd 4 here Pa. idha, Av. iha ; sahd 4 with *, Vedic also sadha- in cpds., Av. haha ; lohita rdhita- 4 red cf. rudhird- ; rdhati 4 climbs Vedic also rddhati ; nah- 4 to bind cf. ppt. naddha - ; snuh- 4 to drip cf. Av. snaod bh : grab- 4 to seize Vedic also grabh- ; kakuhd- 4 high # be- side kakubhd - 4 id kakubh- 4 peak An aspirate was not allowed to remain in Sanskrit when an aspirate followed. The effect of this rule in grammar is seen in reduplication where the corresponding unaspirated sonant is used — dhd- f dadhau , bhd- t babhau f han - : jaghdna. The same rule is observable in Greek (dvyvKU) : reOvrjKa) ; it is not how- ever an Indo-European feature inherited in common, but a phenomenon that has occurred independently in each language. In Greek this de-aspiration did not take place until the sonant aspirates had been turned into surds, and consequently the unaspirated surd is the result. We find therefore in these cases an initial surd of Greek corresponding to an initial sonant of Sanskrit. Thus the IE root bheudh- 4 to perceive ' produces on the one hand Gk. Trevdoum (through *(f>€v 0 -) and on the other hand Skt. budh The same correspondence is seen between Gk. retxoy 4 wall * and Skt. dih- ' smear, cement with earth deht 4 rampart * ; similarly Gk. v evdtpos 4 father-in-law 4 : cf. Skt. bandhu- 4 relation bandh- 4 to bind Gk. 7 rrjxvs 4 arm ' : Skt. bdhu-, Gk. 7 TvOfjLTjv 'bottom' : Skt. budhnd -. In other Indo- European languages no dissimilation of this kind took place, and whatever phoneme corresponds regularly to an IE sonant aspirate appears also in this position ; e.g. from IE dheigh- (Skt. dih-) Goth, deigan 4 knead Lat. Jingo , Osc, Jeihuss 4 muros When a sonant aspirate came immediately before final s or t the aspiration was lost at an early period, e.g. in Skt. ddhok , 2 and 3 sg, impf. of duh - 4 to milk 1 for earlier *ddhoks t *adhokt }
