PHONOLOGY 71 ddhdk , 3 sg. s-aor. of daA- ' to bum for *adhak£t ; likewise in the nom. sg. of root stems °dhuk 4 milking*, °dhruk 'injuring' from °dhuk$, °dkruks. In their earlier form these roots had two aspirates, *dhugh-, *dhagh-, *dhrugh-. In the above combina- tions the second aspirate was lost before the rule of aspirate dissimilation set in, and consequently the aspiration of the initial consonant was preserved in these cases. An exactly parallel development took place in Greek : QpL£ 4 hair pL rplx€s, rpipw
- I nourish fut. Opeipco. From the standpoint of the individual
languages it appears that in such cases the aspirate of the final is thrown back, but it becomes clear from comparative study that there were originally two aspirates of which the first was preserved from dissimilation in these circumstances. The treatment of internal combinations of sonant aspirate + t or s was different, and will be described below (§ 14 , 16 ). Here we may note only that the aspiration in class, dhipsati , etc., as opposed to Ved. dtpsati is an innovation due to analogy. §3. The Surd Aspirates The surd aspirates appear only in Indo-Iranian with any frequency, and even there they are much less common than the corresponding sonants. Of these very few indeed can be estab- lished as Indo-European by direct comparison. Such com- parisons are available only in Greek where there appear a few aspirates corresponding to the surd aspirates of Sanskrit, and in Armenian. Elsewhere, apart from a few traces in Latin (e.g. funda 4 sling ' : Gk. <j<f>tv&6vr)) this series has been con- founded with that of the unaspirated surds. The following examples will serve for illustration : ph : Skt. sphiirj Gk. crpapaydopai ; sphyd - ' wooden ladle cf. Gk. oprjv ; phala- 4 ploughshare Pers. supar ; sphurdti 4 throbs, quivers Lith. spiriu, Gk, mrai pw, Lat. sperno, cf. also Gk. < 7 <f>aLpa 4 ball ' ; phdna- 4 foam Osset, fing, O. SI. pena, 0. Pruss. spoayno ; iaphd- ‘ hoof Aw safa th : vdttha * thou knowest Gk. olaQa ; stha~ ' stand Gk. iorrjfu ] sthag - 1 to cover Gk. areyto ; rat ha- 4 chariot *, Av, raOa cf. Lat. rota 4 wheel 1 ; prthu - 4 broad Av. pn^Qu- t Gk. irXaTvs, without aspiration, but cf. TrXddavos 4 flat board for making cakes 1 ; prthu ka- 4 young animal Arm. orth 4 calf Gk. iropris , 7Toprai ' heifer without aspiration, but cf. na pOevos 4 maiden ' with aspiration.
