THE VERB 371 The past participle passive could be extended by the addition of the possessive suffix -vant : krtdvant- ' one who has some- thing (or things) done and this naturally assumes the func- tions of an active past participle. This is a creation of Indo- Aryan and the first purely participial formation of this character appears in the Atharva-veda : asit&vaty dtiihau ‘ one's guest having eaten Later the participle in tavant {-navant- when roots take -na in this participle) comes to be used independently, the copula being understood, in place of an active preterite : na mam kascid drstavdn 1 no one has seen (saw) me In the classical language this is the common usage and it forms another alternative to the use of the preterite tenses in addition to the passive construction mentioned above. §20. Gerundives or Future Passive Participles Classical Sanskrit has three verbal adjectives of identical function and having the sense of the Latin gerundive : kdrya-, kartavya karaniya- * to be done, faciendus Of these the first is the only one to be found in the Rgveda , where it is common. The suffix is normally to be pronounced - iya . Formations of this kind are found with all three grades of root : guhya- 1 to be hidden dvSsya - 4 to be hated vdcya - * to be said Final d of a root coalesces with the suffix to produce -eya : diya-
- to be given Roots in i, u, r commonly take the augment
before this suffix : srutya - ' to be heard The accent is normally on the root, but there are some exceptions : bhavyd adyd-. The formation in - tavya first appears in the Atharvaveda ( janitavyd - 4 to be born himsitavyd - 4 to be injured '). It be- comes commoner in the period of the Brahmanas, and in the classical language it is freely formed from all roots. The accent of the above two examples is the only type that occurs in accented texts. The grammarians allow also acute accent of the penultimate. In origin the formation is a secondary adjectival derivative from the action nouns in -tu. The gerundive in -antya (a secondary adjectival derivative from the verbal nouns in -ana) is likewise first recorded in the Atharvaveda (upajivamya) . It remains rare in the Brahmanas, but is common in the classical language, though not as frequent as the type in -tavya.
