THE VERB 368 formations are not different from typical adjective formations with accented suffix added straight to the root. Before their integration into the verbal system the -ant- formations were ordinary adjectives (of which some examples remain, brhdni - 1 tall etc.), and the original type, derived straight from the root and having the adjectival accent, is preserved in these aorist participles. The adaptation of ant- adjectives to make participles began early, since there are ant- participles also in Hittite. But at the time of the separation of Hittite the ant- participle had not settled down into its final role since in that language the ant- participles are used in a passive sense, as opposed to the active sense in the rest of Indo-European. The specialisation of the formation in ant as an active participle was followed by its transference to the present system. The radical formations were replaced by formations made from the various types of present stem ( krdnt - by krnvdnt etc.). In the Veda this process is almost complete and the number of aorist participles is already small. By the classical period the process is complete. In Greek the same process began but ended differently, since there the appearance of present participles (^evyuiv) beside the older aoristic (i.e. suffixally accented type) <f>vywv led to the evolution of a twofold system in which these two types of participle, like the moods associated with the two tenses, express different kinds of action (punctual and durative). Greek has further extended the formation of this participle to the s-aorist stem, where it is to all intents and purposes non- existent in Sanskrit, as it was in Indo-European. The association of the active participle with the present system had the result that its accent (originally on the final, as an adjective) came to correspond to that of the verbal stem to which it was attached. It appears on the suffix in the case of the suffixally accented thematic class (tuddnt-) and in non- thematic verbs ( duhdnt -, srnvdnt-, etc.). On the other hand the radically accented thematic verbs keep this accent in the parti- ciple : bhdvant-, etc. The reduplicating verbs have accent on the reduplicating syllable associated with weak form of the participial suffix even in the strong cases : nom, sg. hlbhrat t acc. sg, bibhratam. The formation and morphology of the active perfect parti- ciple in -vasjus have already been detailed. The existence of a
