पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/३७५

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एतत् पृष्ठम् अपरिष्कृतम् अस्ति

THE VERB 369 separate participle for the perfect is in accordance with the view already recorded that the difference between present/ aorist and perfect is the most original division in the verbal tense system. The perfect participle has the perfect sense (as opposed to the aorist participle which has no aorist sense, and as opposed to the moods of the perfect), cakrvds - ‘ one who has done etc. The accent is on the participial suffix and the per- feet stem appears in its weak form. The union vowel i ( tenivds , etc.) appears under much the same conditions as in the rest of the perfect. In the middle the participle used is in -anidna for thematic verbs ( bhdvamdna vi&dmdna- 1 cintdyamana-) and in -ana for non-thematic verbs ( duhand -, sunvdnd -, yunjand-, etc. ; accent final except in the 3rd class and intensives : juhvdna -, cekitdna-, etc.). The adaptation of these formations as participles is pro- bably later than that of the active participles in -ant, since com- parable forms are not widely spread in Indo-European. Corre- sponding to - anidna - Iranian has -amna- and Greek -ofievos, the actual forms varying in each case. No other IE languages have such participles, and where similar formations appear (Lat. alumnus > etc.) they are purely nominal. The participle in - ana is found only in Indo-Iranian, and only rare formations in the nominal derivation can be compared to it elsewhere (Lat. col onus, etc.). The middle usage of the participle is through adaptation, and it is certainly much later than the existence of middle forms in the finite verb. How the adaptation came about is no longer clear, since there is nothing about the related mal- formations of the noun that is connected with the middle, and in particular the Greek infinitives in -finviai), which have also become part of the verbal morphology, have an active, not a middle sense. What was said above about the integration of the active participle into the present system applies also to the middle participle. Like other derivatives based on the simple ^-suffix and the compound w^n-suffix these were originally made from the root, and after their adaptation as participles the present stem came to be used instead. In the classical language the aorist formations ( drsdnd -, vrdhand sucdmdna -) which incor- porate what remains of the old radical formations are replaced in favour of the present tense. In contradistinction to the active there is no special participial suffix for the perfect in the