THE VERB 359 very rarely in the Rgveda, but later is regularly made. For the aorist, as already observed, the reduplicated aorist has been adapted to serve for the causative. Besides this a few sporadic is- aorist forms occur in the early language ( avadayisthas , etc.). For the perfect the periphrastic form is used : gamayam cakdra > gamayam dsa. The passive is made by suffixing the passive yd directly to the form of the root as it appears in the causative : karydte, sthdpydte, etc. {simple passive kriydte , sthiydte). Nominal forms from the causative are : participle in -td, kdrita gerundive, kdrayitavya kdrya-, karamya infinitive, karayitum , gerund, karayitvd . The suffix of the gerund in -ya is added directly to the root when this is strengthened in the causative {-kdrya), otherwise to the ay of the causative suffix {-gamayya). The present formations in -aya are closely related to the nominal t-stems [roci-jrocay- : rocdyati). The causative stem consists of a thematic enlargement of this suffix, of a type which occurs, though very rarely, in the nominal formations. The formation, since it contains a series of guna vowels, is not likely to be very ancient in Indo-European, but it occurs fairly widely : Gk. Tpoirla >, orpoptuj (tp4ttco, orpit jfrcu), Lat. spondeo (: Gk. crnevScu), moneo , Goth, nasjan, drausjan (ga-nisan, driusan), etc. The meaning is frequentative, as usually in Greek, or causative. The latter meaning is normal in Germanic [nasjan 1 to save ga-nisan ' to be saved ’) and in Slavonic. Where Verneris law operates Germanic confirms the position of the accent on the suffix, as in Sanskrit ; wait pan : ft award] an , It has also participial forms corresponding to the Sanskrit participles in -ltd [frawardips) which are thus shown to be ancient. In Slavonic there is a series of causatives with vrddhi as in Sanskrit, and this is one of the special features which con- nects the two families with Indo-European : O, SI. saditi ' to plant cf. Skt. sadayati 1 makes to sit, settles slaviti ' to praise cf. Skt. iravdyati ' makes to hear, be heard IV. The Desiderative The desiderative stem is formed by means of the suffix -sa associated with reduplication. The vowel of the reduplicating syllable is normally i but u is employed when that vowel occurs in the root : bibhitsati , titrpsati, but yuyutsaii ( bhid - ' to split trp - ‘ be satisfied yudh- ‘ to fight ’). Long l occurs in a very
