358 THE VERB remain are combined with formations of a more denominative character to form the tenth present class. In the causative the root always has guna where this produces a long syllable : tarpayati, vardhdyati , kalpdyati , bodhdyati , ceidyati from trp- ' to be satisfied vrdh- ' to increase kip - 1 to arrange budh- ' to be aware ' and oil- 4 to observe Roots which in their strong form insert a nasal have this in associa- tion with guna in the causative : manddyati 4 gladdens sramsdyati 4 causes to fall etc. Where the guna form produces a short, syllable ( kar etc.) vrddhi is most commonly employed in the causatives : kdrdyati ‘ causes to do trasayati 4 terrifies nasdyati 4 destroys cydvayati 4 causes to fall etc. Rut a number of such roots retain guna : gamdyati 4 causes to go tvardyati 1 makes to hasten namdyati 4 causes to bend etc. The non-strengthened form of the root appears normally only with roots that have no other form (guhdyati from gith- 4 to conceal J ), only rarely elsewhere (girayati, sphurdyati). In dusdyati 4 spoils ' (intr. dusyati , sb. dosa-) the long vowel serves as a substitute for the normal strengthening. The anomalous purdyati 4 fills ' is influenced by the form of the past participle passive (purnd-). Roots in a commonly insert -p~ before the causative suffix : dapdyatiy sthapdyati, mdpdyati, etc,, from da- 4 to give stha - 4 to stand md- 4 to measure J , etc. This -p- is an old suffix or enlargement which is known from comparative evidence to have been associated with certain of such roots (Lith. stap$tis 4 to stand still J ), and it has been extended to the whole class in the causative. It is further applied to the root r- [arpdyati) and to a number of roots in -i : adhydpayati from adhi -M 4 to study etc. In ropdyati 4 plants 4 (ruh- 4 to grow J ) it replaces the final consonant of the root. In Middle Indo-Aryan the popularity of this form of causative grew until it replaced the normal kind. A number of such Prakritic formations appear in later Sanskrit (knddpayati 4 causes to play * t jivdpayati 4 causes to live etc.). There are a few other miscellaneous insertions before the causative suffix, namely -l- : pdlayati 'protects' ( pa -), -n- in prinayati 4 pleases ' (pn-, prinati), in Wnsayate 4 frightens 4- in ghdtayati 4 has slain ' (hart -) . Formations outside the present system are made more com- monly from the causative than from the other forms of second- ary conjugation. The future ( vardhayisyati , etc.) appears only
