THE VERB 319 particular persons and numbers, and at least a fair proportion of the existing personal terminations came into being in this way. §8. The Ten Present Classes The roots of the Sanskrit language are arranged by the Hindu grammarians in ten classes, according to the way in which they form the present system, and named after a verb taken as typical of its class. The order in which these classes are placed corresponds to no discoverable grammatical principle, and for convenience of exposition it needs to be rearranged. The verbs are divided into two major types, (a) non-thematic (classes 2 , 3, 5, 7, 8, 9) and (b) thematic (classes 1, 4, 6, 10). A. Non-thematic Presents Root Class (Second or ad- class) Paradigm : (1 dvis - 4 to hate *). Present, Active, S. 1 dvdsmi, 2 dvdksi, 3 dvdsti , D, 1 dvisvds, 2 dvisthas , 3 dvistds, P. 1 dvismds , 2 dvisthd , 3 dvisdnti. Middle, S. 1 dvise, 2 dviksd , 3 dvistd, D. 1 dvisvdhe, 2 dvisdthe, 3 dvisite , P. 1 dvistndhe , 2 dviddhvd , 3 dvisate . Imperfect, Active, S. 1 ddvesam, 2 ddvet , 3 ddvei, D. ddvisva , 2 advistam, 3 ddvistdm , P. 1 ddvisma , 2 ddvista, 3 ddviscm . Middle, S. 1 ddvisi , 2 2 ddvista, D. 1 ddvisvahi, 2 ddvisdthdni , 3 ddvisdtdm , P. 1 ddvismahi , 2 ddvi ddhvam , 3 ddvisata. Inflection of this type in Sanskrit is made from nearly 130 roots. In most other IE languages it has largely died out, its place being taken by thematic formations. Consequently direct comparisons with forms of other languages are confined to a few common roots : dsti ‘ is Gk. eari, Lat. est, etc. ; dmi ' I go J , imds 4 w T e go Gk. eqa, tfxtv, Lith. eimi , etc. ; dtti, 4 eats Lat. est, Russ, jest’ ; dste 4 sits Gk. fjorcu ; sdte 4 lies ', Gk. KeZrai, Hitt, kitta , kittari. Hittite is the only language beside Sanskrit in which this type of formation is well preserved, and here further parallels are available : hanti 4 he slays ghndnii 5 they slay Hitt, kuenzi, kunanzi ; vasii ‘ he wishes ' (va 4 -) Hitt, wekzi (Gk. only ptc. Ikwv) ; sdsti ' sleeps Hitt. seszi. Beside the regular endings given above there exists a variant
