THE VERB 320 type : active, 3 pi. impf. caksur, duhur ; middle, 3 sg. pres, tie, citd, duhe, bruve, idye, vidi, 3 pi. duhri, sire ; duhrate , Urate ; impf. 3 sg. atia, aduha , 3 pi. aduhra ; aduhran, dseran ; dierata ; impv. 3 sg. duhdm , viddm, iaydm, 3 pi. duhrdm ; duhratdm, ieratdm. These forms (for which see above, § 6) are confined to the Vedic language with the exception of the root si- ‘ to lie ' which preserves such inflection in the classical language (3 pi. Urate). This series is important because it shows that there were originally two types of conjugation in the case of root stems, corresponding to the Hittite -mi and -hi conjugations. Sanskrit has generalised the mi- type in the active, but in the middle the Vedic language preserves these traces of the old dual system. With certain exceptions the normal system of accent and apophony prevails in this class, that is to say the root has accent and guna in the three persons of the active, while else- where it appears in its weak form and the accent is on the termination : hdnti : ghndnti ; vdsmi : uimasi ; dsmi : smds, etc. Roots in -u followed by endings beginning with a con- sonant, take vrddhi instead of guna in the strong forms : stauti , ' praises yauti f joins ’ ; also certain others, e.g. mdrsti ‘ rubs ' ; 3 pi. mrjdnti . A number of roots retain accent and guna throughout for reasons which are not clear : e.g. Ute Mies vdste ‘ wears clothes Certain roots with long vowels where this applies, e.g. isle ' sits J , iste ' rules ' have perhaps been adapted from the perfect system (as- originally perfect stem of as- ‘ to be J ). In the Vedic language the strong form of the root is optional in the 2 pi. : pres, nethd , impv. stota, impf. dbrainta. The weak form of the 3 pi. mid. termination {dvisdte as opposed to dvisdnti ) indicates original final accent which is preserved ocassionally in the Veda : duhatd , rihatd , The root sds- has the weak termination also in the active [sdsati 3 pi.) which accords with its radical accent. The conjugation of this class is complicated by changes due to internal sandhi. As this is a matter of phonology rather than morphology, a few examples will suffice : duh- ' to milk doh f si> dkoksi , doh 4- ti> dogdhi ; lih- * to lick leh + ti> ledki; sds- 4 dhi> iadhi. Analogy is responsible for the 3 sg. impf. as at (instead of *aias <*aidst) and in the same way for diet . Different formations are occasionally substituted where the operation of phonetic laws would leave a form too short or
