THE VERB 308 3 Sing. P, dsti, Lith. esti , Gk. e<m, Hitt, eszi, (zi<ii) ; 'slays *, Av. jainti , Hitt, kuenzi ; hhdrati, Av. baraiti, O. SI. (beside herein), S. abhor at , sya/, cf. Av. 6ara/, Gk. (with loss of -/) efape, fa'poL, Lat. erat , sf/ (O. hat. sfetf), etc. Pf. daddrsa, Gk. hihopKe. Impv. Hitt, ebu Met him go hh ara tit, O. Pers. baratu. An alternative ending -tfoi appears in Greek and Latin (eoraj, Forms correspond- ing to this are found in Sanskrit, e.g. vittat ( - Gk. Iotuj) but they are used for both the second and third persons, and for all numbers. A different kind of inflection in the primary endings of the 2, 3 sing, appears in Gk. thematic verbs : 2 a yet?, 3 ayei. A comparison with Lith. vedi ' take : you take 1 shows that the 5 of the 2 sing, is a later addition, and that the two persons were originally identical. They contain no personal terminations, only an appended i indicating present time. Such an i, un- associated with a personal ending, is found in Hittite verbs of the -hi class : aki 1 dies ddi 1 takes Sanskrit has innovated here by applying the endings of the ^^--conjugation, just as in the 1 sing., but in this case the innovation is more widely shared by other IE languages, Lat. agis f agii, Goth, bairis , bairip, etc. 1 Plur. P, (a) imds ' w r e go bhdrdmas ' we bear cf. Gk. Dor. tpLts, Lat. tnius, ferimus, O. SL damn, neseniu , etc., (b) smdsi 1 we are O. Pers. aniahi, bhdrdmasi , Av. bardmahi , cf. O. Ir. ammi ' sumus bermai, bermi 'we bear S. and Pf. dbhardma, sydma , Av. hydmd , vidmd ' we know Goth. witum. Forms with long vowel which appear in the Vedic lan- guage, particularly in the perfect {vidmd, etc.) appear to be ancient, and not merely metrical lengthening, on account of the occurrence of similar formations in other languages : Lith. sukome-s (reflexive), Goth, batraima opt. (out of °me or O mo). The variations between IE-ra^s and -mos were due to dif- ferences of accentuation, like the similar phenomenon in the genitive singular : originally *imes but *bheromos . The alterna- tive ending -masi appears in the Vedic language beside mas , but it is disused in the classical language. In Iranian the correspond- ing mahi has come to be exclusively used as the primary ending. In Greek there is an alternative termination -p,ev, used both as a primary and secondary ending. It was customary to regard the final-v of this form as ephelcystic, and to equate the Gk. ending with the Skt. secondary ending, but it is now clear from
