NUMERALS, PRONOUNS, I N D ECLI N ABLE S 2J1 The dat. sg. preserves the old termination of the thematic stems, which in the noun has been replaced by the extended -dya. The -in which forms the termination of the loc. sg. appears nowhere else. In Iranian there are forms with simple -i Av. ahmi , kahmi , cahmi , yahmi. These forms are clearly more original, and the -n of Sanskrit must be regarded as a secondary addition, whatever its origin. There is also absence of nasalisa- tion in some of the middle I A forms : Pa. tamhi, Pkt. tamsi , as opposed to Pkt. tassim. These may be connected directly with, the Iranian forms, and they point to a dialect variant *tdsmi, etc., in Old Indo-Aryan, existing beside tasmin , etc., adopted by the literary language. In the dat. gen. abl. loc. sg. fern, an element -sy- appears before the termination. This is found also in Iranian (Av. ahydi, aiyhdi, aiyhd, etc.) And in^Old Prussian (dat. sg. stessiei , gen. sg. stessias ). In Germanic there appears in these cases simple -s- (Goth. dat. sg. pizai , gen. sg. pizos ). The most plausible explan- ation of these forms is that they are based on the gen. sg. tdsya, etc,, which were originally common to both genders, the fem- inine being eventually discriminated by the addition of the termination -as. , From this starting the rest of the cases could easily be formed on the analogy of the noun. The terminations of the dual are the same as those of the noun. In the gen. -loc. this is due to the transference of the pro- nominal forms to the noun, as can be seen from the opposition of two types of formation in Slavonic (vluku, toju). A few forms with simple -os appear in the Vedic language ( avds , enos ) . The nom. pi. masc. is formed by the diphthongal stem : id, kd, etc. Similarly in .other IE languages : Gk. to/, Goth. pai> Lith. tie , O. SI. ti f etc. Since in O. Lat. quoi (gen. quoins , dat. quoiei) we find such a form of stem used in the singular, and since in Sanskrit it appears in certain cases outside the plural (instr. sg. td-n-a , fern, tay-d , gen. loc. du. tdy-os) } it must be assumed that this form of stem was not originally exclusively plural, and that it gradually became specialised as such. The form of stem that appears in t]je hpttu pi. forms the basis of the other cases (i iebhis , etc.) with the': exception of. the acc. pi. which is in all probability borrowed from, the nominal declension. In the RV. the only forms of the instr. -pi. that occur are of the type tdbhiSy and the nominal declension shows a tendency to borrow
