पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/२७६

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270 NUMERALS, PRONOUNS, IN DECLIN ABIES forms of inflection which are not shared by the nominal stems. These are as follows : The nom. sg. in the pronouns sa, esa and sya appear without final -s when followed by a word beginning with a consonant : sa dadarsa ' he saw ", but so ’bravtt ' he said purusa esah ‘ this man '. Forms without the nominative -5 appear also in the corresponding Gk. 6, Goth. sa. The nom. acc. sg. nt. ends in djt : tat (: Av, tat, Gk. to <*tod, Lat. is-tud ) } etdt (: Av. aetat), tydt, ydt (: Av. yat, Gk. ot-tl), kdt RV. (: Av. kat, Lat. quod), tvat , enat. The Sanskrit sandhi does not allow any decision as to whether the original consonant is -d or -t, but it is clear that the final consonant was originally -d both from the evidence of other languages (Lat. quod, Goth. pat-a) and from forms in Sanskrit where a further suffix is added to this stem : tadd , iddm, etc. The instr. sg. masc. nt. is in the classical language identical in noun and pronoun. In the Vedic language the noun has also the termination -a, which is not used in the pronoun with the exception of end (classical enena) and the adverbial and 'thus It is clear that -ena is the termination proper to- the pronoun and that this has been transferred to the noun. The form is based on the diphthongal stem ( ke- t etc.) which elsewhere is confined to plural use. The -n- appears to be of the same nature as the -n- which appears in the instr. sg. of masc. and neut. i- and u- stems. As opposed to classical -ena, the Vedic language has boti -ena and -end, due to different developments in sandhi of final -an (>-a before vowel). No forms corresponding exactly to these are found * outside Indo-Aryan. In Iranian there are some forms with the intrusive -n~, but they are formed on the- ordinary thematic, not on the diphthongal stem : Av, kana , 0. Pers. tyand, avand . The instr. sg. fern. ( tdya , etc.) is likewise based on the diphthongal stem, without the -n-. It has likewise been adopted by the nominal declension ( sdnayd ). In the dat. abl. loc. sg. the stem of the pronoun is enlarged by an element -sm(a)-. This element is fairly widespread in IE : Umbr. esmei pusme, Goth .imma, pamma (-mm- <-sm-), 0. Pruss. stesmu, etc. It is not altogether clear whether the simple -m- which appears in O. SI. tomu, etc., is a development out of this or stands for an originally variant form. If -sm- only is original it could perhaps be connected with the root of samd-, so that tasmai , for instance, would mean originally ‘ to that same