268 NUMERALS, PRONOUNS, I ND ECLIN ABLES in the RV. (6. 55. 1). This corresponds to Av. vd , the -nt being obviously a secondary addition of Sanskrit. Av. vd corresponds exactly to O. SI. ve, and from these forms Goth, wi-t and Lith. ve-du differ in having a short vowel. All these forms contain the same radical element as the nom. pi. A form corresponding to dvarn is found only in Av. wdvd (acc.), and there is nothing similar in the rest of IE. The most plausible explanation of this formation peculiar to Indo-Iranian is that a dual d of the pro- nominal stem a- has been prefixed to the original vd, va (IE we, we). The enclitic forms of the dual, whose usage corresponds to that of the plural enclitics, are nau, vdm. Forms corresponding to nau appear in Av. nd (gen.), 0 . SI. na (acc.) and Gk. vat (nom. acc.). It is clear, particularly from Greek, that this formation was not originally confined to enclitic use. A form of the second person without -m appears once in the RV. (4. 41. 2), and a comparison with Av. vd (acc.) shows this form to be original. In O. SI. the corresponding form va is an accented form used as both nom. and acc. There existed in IE a reflexive pronoun which inflected after the fashion of the personal pronouns (Lat. se , sibi , etc.). The initial varied between sv- and s- in the same way as that of the second personal pronoun. There are some remnants of this in- flection in Avestan (dat. sg. hvdvdya, i.e. *hvawya), but it does not remain in Sanskrit. The stem sva- ' self ' is used in com- pounds (sva-yuj- * yoking oneself etc.), in the adverbial svatas 'from oneself', and in certain derivatives (, svatvd -, etc.). Apart from these cases the stern sva - is a possessive adjective corresponding to Lat. suus , etc. There is also an indeclinable svaydm ' self which is formed by adding the usual pronominal increment - am to a base *svai- [sve-, cf. me, te). As an enclitic this base appears with initial $- in Av. hoi, he, se, 0 . Pers. saiy, functioningTn the same way as me, te. It has been thought that this enclitic pronoun is represented in Pkt. se, but the latter is more likely to be of secondary origin. The Vedic enclitic sim (acc.) appears to be radically related to this group, though differing widely in formation. In Iranian there are correspond- ing forms of the dual (Av, hi) and plural (Av. his, 0 . Pers. sis). The old possessive adjectives based on the first and second personal pronouns (cf. Lat, mens, tuus, etc.) have been lost in Sanskrit, although they are preserved in Iranian (Av. ma- ‘ my
