2&0 numerals, pronouns, indecunables peyk w e, we find an uninflected thematic stem. As such are to be assumed, from the evidence of compounds, etc., to have existed freely at an early stage of IE, this is an interesting archaism. The root peyk xc - is in all probability that which appears in Engl. finger {fiperjk^rc-) and fist ( <*pyk^sti- t cf. O. SL p$sti ' id '). The derivative panktt- (: O. Sl. p$tt 1 five ') means from the Rgveda on, not only ' group of five but more generally ' group, series 6. Skt. sat ( <*sats <sats with assimilation of initial) repre- sents IE *seks : cf. Lat. sex , Goth, saihs , etc. The forms of this word in Indo-European are rather complicated, since there also exist forms beginning with sw- (Welsh chwech ), ks- (Gk. £d<7Tpi£ ‘ in rows of six O. Sl. sesti ‘ six '), ksw- (Av. xsvas) and simple w- (Arm. vec , O. Pruss. uschts 1 sixth ’). The original initial con- sonant group has been simplified variously in the different lan- guages. Middle Indo-Aryan cha goes back to an original differ- ing from the Sanskrit form, and beginning with ks-. 7. The final - a of saptd (: Gk. i-nra) represents IE -rji, as is clear not only from Lat. septem but also from the ordinal saptamd The agreement between Greek and Sanskrit shows that the final accentuation existed already in IE (septrfi), but it cannot be original since it appears on a reduced syllable. 8. In astau (: Gk. oktw, Lat. odd, Goth, ahtau, etc.) there appears the termination of the dual. The meaning of the stem okto- of which this is the dual may be inferred from a related i-stem, a£ti-, which is found in Avestan. This is a measure of length meaning ‘ the width of four fingers from which it may be inferred that the dual *okt6(u) meant originally ' two groups of four fingers In classical Sanskrit there exists beside this a form asta with short a from the surrounding numerals. 9. The - a of ndva f nine ' (: Gk. ir-vea) may go back to -m (cf. navamd-, Lat. novem) or possibly -« (cf. Lat, nonus 1 ninth '). The word has been considered to be related to IE niwos ‘ new which in view of the formation of the preceding numeral is not without plausibility. 10. The primary series closes with ddsa * ten ' (: Gk. 8cKa t Lat decent , Goth, ialhun, etc.) representing IE dikrjx, about the etymology of which no likely suggestions exist. 11-19. These are dvandva compounds of 1-9 with 10 : dvidasa * 12 trayodaia 1 13 *, cdturdaia * 14 sddate * 16 etc. ; cf. Gk. SoiSeKa, Lat. duodecim •, etc. The long vowel of
