THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 179 served at the time of the change of gender should bring about the suffixal accentuation of the new nom. sg. pasus. In the same way we may judge pitu- ‘ food gen. sg. pitvds, which from being an action noun and from having the neuter type in- flection, may also be regarded as a transferred neuter. The stem krdtu - ' intelligence old neuter for the same reasons, has on the other hand established radical accentuation throughout. Alternatively neuter w-stems operate in the weakest cases with an extended suffix -un-(ci. vdrinas gen. sg.) : gen. sg. mddkunas , vasunas , drunas ; Loc. sg. dyuni (cf. Gk. a ZFev, loc. without ending), sdnuni ; gen. loc. du. jdnunos (cf. Toch. A. kanwem * knees * with strong form of same suffix appearing in dual). Greek, when extending the suffix in these cases, has the extra ^-suffix as with other neuter w-stems : gen. sg. yovvaros, Souparo?. In addition the Veda has some forms from these stems in which the adjectival type of inflection is employed : dros, snos , mddhos. This is not surprising since the adjectival type of in- flection has become universal in i- and w-stems by the classical period, and the process was already far advanced in the earliest period, only a few of the old type being left. Beside the neuter i- and w-stems there is a fair number of action nouns in -i and -u which appear as masculines or feminines. The action nouns in -i are normally feminine : jalpi - ' mutter- ing rdmhi - * speed rdji- ( direction ’ (Lat. regio with addi- tional n-suffix ; cf. the same feature in connection with the {{-stems, above), ropi- ' pain dhrdji - ' impulse, force nabhi - ' navel 1 ; tvisi- 4 splendour ruci- ‘ light * ; with suffixal accent, n sani- r winning f , dji- ‘ contest krsi- ‘ ploughing citi- ‘ under- standing *, nrti- ‘ dancing bhuji- ‘ benefiting The few datives of {-stems classified as infinitives have likewise suffixal accent , dr say e ' to see yudhdye 4 to light etc. Masculines are rare: arci- * ray ', dhvani- * noise rayi- 1 wealth With the {-stems as with the {{-stems the old rules about accent and apophony have long been superseded. All possible types are represented (jalpi sani - , tvisi-, krsi-) and the varia- tions are of no grammatical significance. Obviously rdji-
- direction which has a connection in Lat. regio represents the
oldest type. In rayi-, gen. sg. rdyas (for rani-, rally as, earlier ram-, ranyds) we may recognise the same accent development as has taken place in pasu, pasvtis , The differences in apophony
