l80 THE FORMATION OF NOUNS between dhvani- 4 noise ' and dhuni- 4 roaring ’ are those that exist between action and agent nouns, but the accent position is reversed. Obviously very complicated changes, which cannot now be followed, have affected the ^’-sterns to produce this com- plete lack of system. This is associated with the fact that in this type of stem the earliest mass transfers from the neuter of action nouns took place. On the other hand the non-adjectival masculine and feminine -stems have as a rule accent and guna of root : masc. dsu- 4 life ’ (as- ' to be ' : Av. ayhu-), svdru- 4 stake, post mdnu- 4 man bdndhu- 1 relation ' ; fem. jdsa- 1 exhaustion dhdnu- 4 sandbank pdrsu- ‘ rib ', sdru- 4 dart hdnu ‘ jaw ' (Gk. yews, Toch. A, sanwem du.). The words amsu - ‘ filament, ray ' (Av. asu- 4 shoot '), renu- 1 dust ’ and sanku . - ' peg, stake ' have final accent, but at the same time guna of root. The accent of hdhu- 4 arm J disagrees with that of Gk. 7 rfjxvs ; the apophony shows the Greek to be original. The weak grade of the root' in tsu- masc. and fem. ' arrow r ' and sindhu - masc. and fem. ' river ' is ex- ceptional; they are probably of adjectival origin with the shift of accent seen frequently in nominalised adjectives. There is a small number of neuters in -ya to be classified as thematic extensions of i-stems : mddhya- 4 middle 1 (see above), kravya 0 4 raw flesh ", ndbhya- ‘ nave ajya- 4 clarified butter drdvya- ‘ substance rdjya- 4 kingdom ' (Ir. rige). The forma- tion is not uncommon in tatpurusa compounds of the type havirddya- 4 eating the oblation hotrvurya - ' choosing a sacri- ficial priest brahmabhuya - ' becoming Brahma In sakhyd- 4 friendship ' as opposed to sdkhi - the normal accentual relation is reversed because sakhyd - is a secondary neuter, just as in the case of hotrd- nt. : hotar - masc, (see above, p, 137). In hr day a- 4 heart ’ the thematic extension is added to the gunated suffix. The neuter suffix -ya originating as a simple extension of -i has developed independently and on a very w T ide scale in the formation of secondary neuters, either with vrddhi, as usually in the later language, saubkdgya - ' welfare etc., or in some cases without, duty a- 4 embassy etc. As with the other neuter suffixes adjectives and nouns of adjectival type could be made from neuter i and u stems by shifting the accent to the suffix. For instance we have, with the oldest type of apophony, the IE neuter pAu (Goth, filu 4 much ') and with accentuation of suffix and reduction of root
