THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 175 by the addition of the r- and n- suffixes. Just as in Hittite the primary 5-stems were almost entirely replaced by formations of the type hannesarj-esnas , so over the whole of Indo-European with the exception of a few stems that were turned into a new type, the thematic neuters, the w-stems were replaced by the mar j man stems. Later in most languages the mar -stems were ousted by the man- stems. In Hittite the gen. sg. of neuter stems in -mar is in -mas (arnummar 4 bringing ', gen. sg. arnummas). It is usually said that there has been assimilation of mn in such genitives, but this cannot be proved, and the alternative theory is possible that such genitives are formed from the unextended m-stem. Here we may compare certain Vedic instrumentals, draghmd , rasmd , (draghmdn- 4 length ', rasmdn- 4 rein ') which in the same way may well be formed from the simple m-stem and not from the extended stem in -man. Thematic derivatives from man-stems frequently appear without the final element of this suffix : priyddhdma- r fond of home visvd karma- 1 accomplishing all ' containing the stems dhdman- and kdrman- ; cf. also dharma- masc. ‘ law ' : dhdr- tnan- nt. 4 id 1 ; 6ma- 4 way, course 1 : eman - r id ' ; tdkma- 4 shoot, offspring ' : tokman- ( id ' ; ydksma- f disease ' : yaks- man- 4 id ' ; darmd- 4 destroyer ' : darman- 4 id In these cases also there is no evidence to support the theory of a change mn to m f and the thematic type illustrated by these examples must have been based on the simple m- stem. The suffix -md makes a fair number of adjectives and nouns of adjectival origin : ajmd- 4 career, march 1 (Gk. 6y^o$ ; man- stem in rijman-, Lat. agmen), idhmd - 4 fuel ', grtsmd- 4 summer * ( gr-ts-md -, cf. guru- 4 heavy *) y gharmd- 1 heat ' (originally adjec- tival, cf. Gk. depfjios, Lat. formus 4 hot'), jihmd - 4 athwart, oblique tigmd- ‘ sharp ' (Gk. vnypos ‘ puncture ', n-stem in oriyjjia, nt.), dasmd- 4 wonderful ’ (dasmdnt- 4 id '), dhumd- 4 smoke ' (cf. mar- stem in dhumra -), narmd- 4 sport, pastime ' u (also ndrman- nt. 4 id f ), yudhmd - 4 fighter rukmd- 4 ornament vdmd- 4 charming ' ( J~van-) t sagma- 4 beneficial sydmd- 1 black ' (sydvd-, with alternative suffix), himd- 1 cold, frost *. The adjec- tive lima- 4 helper ' has anomalously the accent on the root, but the weak grade shows that this is not original. There are a number of thematic action nouns with the normal radical accent and masculine gender, presumably to avoid the repeti- tion of tn : dharma - 4 law bhdma - 1 illumination ksima- 4 re-
