124 THE FORMATION OF NOUNS stem s. In circu mst ances where other r ootSjiQ so-thay Jake the. suffix -i : °jit- 4 conquering mil - 4 pillar stul- 4 praise °bhrt 4 bearing etc. §3. Thematic Stems based on the Root Stems with the thematic suffix -a can be formed on the basis of stems ending in all the other suffixes, and these are best treated in connection with the various types of stem to which the thematic suffix is added. The most simple type of thematic stem is that formed directly from the root. These stems may be divided into two classes according to the usual scheme : action nouns and the like with accent on the root, and agent nouns, etc., with accent on the suffix, final accented -d having here as elsewhere an adjectival function. Certain pairs are quotable where both types occur in connection with the same root : c6da - 4 goad ’ : coda- 4 instigator ' ; isa- 4 speed ' : esd- 4 speed- ing ’ ; vara- 4 choice 4 : vara - 4 suitor 1 ; ioka- 4 glow 1 : iokd- 4 glowing The same type of alternation is familiar also in Greek, 4 a cut ’ : to^o? * cutting etc. In Greek and in other languages which distinguish the vowels 0 and e the vowel of both root and suffix is 0. Original 0 is attested by Sanskrit in some cases where a guttural has not bee n palatalised ^ keta- 4 intention gdya- 4 property ghand- 4 striker, solid Such an arrangement can hardly be original since normally e would be expected in the accented and 0 in the unaccented syllable. It is likely therefore that we have here a phonetic compromise between the nominal and adjectival types. In Sanskrit there are distinct traces of a variation oje between the two types in the suffixal vowel in the case of roots ending originally in gutturals. The final guttural in these cases is usually preserved in the case of action nouns with radical accent and palatalised in the other type : e.g. bhdga- 4 enjoy- ment ' : bhojd - 4 bountiful ' ; toga- 1 disease ' : raja- 4 breaking, destroying ' ; soka- 4 glow, heat ; grief ’ : sued- 1 bright 4 ; yoga- 4 union 4 : a-yujd- 4 without an associate 4 ; drgha - 4 value 4 : arha - 4 worth, valuable ' (accent not quoted). The distinction is found in some cases where the accent is on the suffix in both types ; arkd- 4 ray 4 : area- 4 brilliant 4 ; rokd- 4 lustre 4 : roed- 4 radiant Here the accent of the action nouns has been secondarily transferred to the suffix. The variation
