पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/१३२

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THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 125 between the palatalised and non~palatalised form indicates an original variation in the quality of the suffixal vowel according to the position of the accent. In action nouns the radical syllable commonly h as guna- in agreemen t with the, related, languages : ddma- 4 house Gk? Solos', Lat. domus, Russ, dom (IE dem- 4 to build '). Nouns of this type are dya- 4 going, course ', hdva- 4 invocation tdra- 4 crossing vdda- 4 knowledge josa - 4 enjoyment ' and so forth. There is however another type, for which it is difficult to find parallels outside Indo-Iranian, with vrddhi of root and, paradoxically, usually having the accent on the suffix. These appear to have been formed on the basis of the vrddhied nom. sg. of root nouns, just as later Vedic pat nom. sg. 4 foot ' is ex- tended to pdda-. Typical instances are : bhard- * burden ' (cf. the vrddhi in Gk. <f><Lp 4 thief '), ddvd- 4 fire tdrd- 4 crossing sadd- 4 sitting sdvd- 4 libation vdsd - 4 residence * ; with radical accent, vara - 4 choice mdna- 4 opinion Irregular accent is found in the whole class of such nouns which are formed from verbal roots combined with a prefix : samgamd- 4 coming together, union abhidrohd - 4 injury etc. ; and in a minority of cases elsewhere : bhoga- 4 bend jayd - 4 victory java- 4 speed These irregularities show that a tendency to confuse the two types was beginning ; jayd- and java - for instance also mean 4 victorious 1 and 4 speeding * which is their original significance, but at a time when the im- portance of the old distinction was diminishing, they came to be used indiscriminately in both functions. Here, as elsewhere throughout the formation of nouns, the Vedic, accent is not original, but in spite of such exceptions the old system remains predominant enough for its principles to be clearly seen. The oldest type of apophony among agent noun/adjectives of this class is that which has the weak grade of the root due to the accented suffix : vrdhd- 1 increaser 1 (: vdrdha- 4 increase budhd- 4 intelligent ' (: bddha- 4 understanding '), sued- 4 bright * [sdka- 4 glow '), turd - 4 victorious * {tar a-, tdrd- 4 crossing ') f priyd - 4 dear krsa- 4 thin rued- 4 brilliant etc. More fre- quently the restored guna vowel appears : area- 4 shining dravd - 4 running yodhd - 4 fighter nadd- 4 roarer vadhd - 4 slayer etc. Like the action nouns they may also appear with vrddhi, and this is connected with the vrddhi of the nom. sg of the corresponding root stems : vdha- 4 beast of burden 1 (cf