^^^H eka-vacana, singular (lit. one -speaking, from i/ vac > to speak) [also dvi- (two), bahu- (many), giving 'dual' and 'plural'] Upapada — this compound has a dhatu derivative as its second member; for example: kumbha-kara <= kumbham (pot) + ^kr (to do, act, make) = potter (similarly a-kara etc.). Nah-tatpurusa — a compound with a negative particle (na-, an-, or a-) as its first member, giving a negative or privative sense; for example: a-jnanam <= a- (negation or absence) + jnanam (knowledge) = ignorance. 11.B.3 AvyayTbhava Samasa The avyaylbhava (lit. 'an unchanging nature') samasa is indeclinable (avyaya) and functions as an adverb. The first member is an indeclinable (preposition or adverbial prefix), and the last a noun (naman), and the whole takes the form of the neuter singular; for example: sakrodham <= sa- (the sense is accompaniment) + krodha (anger) = with anger, angrily. yathasraddham <= yatha- (the sense is proportion) + sraddha (faith) = according to (one's) faith. ll.B.4 Bahuvrlhi Samasa The bahuvrlhi (lit. 'much rice') samasa is a descriptive compound forming an adjective (visesana) agreeing with a noun (expressed or understood); for example: padmaksa <= padma (lotus) + aksa (eye) = whose eyes are (like) lotuses, lotus-eyed. The difference between the tatpurusa and the bahuvrlhi is that the former remains a noun, while the latter becomes an adjective. In the Vedic Sanskrit the determinative and descriptive compounds were distinguished by accents (see 9.A.1): raja-putra <= tWH (king) + putra (son) = the son of the king, the king's son (tatpurusa). raja-putra = whose son is a king (bahuvrlhi) .
