Lesson ll.B The following detailed notes may be used for reference: they need not be studied. ll.B.l Dvandva Samasa The dvandva (lit. 'couple') samasa is a copulative compound in which the members, if not compounded, would be in the same case (vibhakti) and connected by the conjunction ^T (and). There are two types of dvandva: Itaretara — the members are considered separately; the gender of the compound is the gender of the last member; the number is the sum of the members. For example: ramah ca krsnah ca => ramakrsnau (note the dual) = Rama and Krsna. Samahara — the members are taken collectively as a unit; it is always neuter singular. Pairs of opposites are often put in this form, for example: sukham ca duhkham ca => sukhaduhkham (note the singular) = pleasure and pain. ll.B. 2 Tatpurusa Samasa The tat-purusa (lit. 'his man') samasa is a determinative compound in which the first member depends on (i.e. has a case relationship to), or modifies, the second. There are several types: Tatpurusa — also called vyadhikarana-tatpurusa, is characterised as having different case endings if the compound is dissolved, i.e. the members are different objects. The compound may be further classified according to the case relationship (dvitlya through saptaml) of the first member to the second. For example: vrksamulam <= vrksasya mulam (sasthi-tatpurusa) = root of a tree, tree-root. Karmadharaya — this is a descriptive determinative compound, also called samanadhikarana-tatpurusa, and is characterised as having the same case ending if the compound is dissolved, i.e. the members refer to the same object; for example: purnacandrah -<= purnah (full) candrah (moon) = full-moon. Dvigu — this samasa has the same sense as the karmadharaya, but has a word denoting direction or a numeral as its first member; for example:
