NOTES
201
ioo well know that the elephant's power to walk is not dependent -on any external factor. The removal of the thorn is the removal --of obstruction. If it be urged that invalidity too is intrinsic, it is not so, says the Dvaitin. Nowhere is invalidity cognised without the dependence on examination, whereas only in some places in respect of the establishment of validity is there dependence on examination. In respect of invalidity it is absolutely necessary ; hence it is the cause there. If it be urged that removal of obstruction is also a type of cause, then the potency of the vetra seed in respect of its giving rise to its own sprout has to be attributed to the non·existence of the forest fire. Once the forest fire burns these seeds, they give rise to a stem, not a cane. It is absurd to claim that the generation of cane has for cause non-existence ·of fire (itself a cause of the generation of plantain). Besides there would be the non-existence of general laws and exceptions. "Injure no living being," is the rule; "Kill the agni~omiya animal " is the exception ; such a relationship would have no special claim to recognition, if in every case the consequent fails merely because of a deficiency in the causal complex. ',Ye do not treat the production of an effect, say pot, when all contributory factors are present, as an instance of a general rule, and the absence of the effect when a factor is absent as an exception. XL VII I (463-4 70). The witness-consciousness cognises the substrate and the counter-correlate simultaneously. The defect adduced by the Advaitin as against the concept of difference is that difference, being a relation, pre-supposes the knowledge of the substrate and the counter-correlate. Such a position puts an ·end to the defect of reciprocal dependence. The simultaneous cognition of the substrate and the counter·correlate" ru}es out the defect. Difference according to S'ri Madhva is of the every nature of the substrate itself. As aginst such a position it is urged that the substrate and t,he attribute i.e., of difference
- have different characteristics. 'ihe substrate is non-dependent and
