THE VERB 367 of another place to stay in ') so that its original force as the accusative of a verbal noun is obscured. In one respect it re- tains a trace of its nominal origin, because it can be compounded, like a noun-stem, with kama- and manas : yastukdma- 1 desirous of sacrificing vaktumanas - ' minded to speak The Sanskrit infinitive, in its final form, is much less developed and integrated into the verbal system than the infinitives of Latin and Greek. The latter languages have developed special forms for various tenses (esse, fuisse) and for the voices ( agere , agt), by a process of adaptation which took place independently in the two languages. Nothing of this kind appears in Sanskrit. There are in the Veda a few forms where the infinitive appears attached to special tense-stems (pusydse
- to flourish grmsdni ' to praise -pfccham ' to ask ' ; from
the perfect vavrdhddhyai ' to strengthen '), but these tentative formations came to nothing. The system by which the infini- tive is formed only from the root prevailed, and the syntactical use of the infinitive is correspondingly, wide. In particular it has to function not only as active and middle indiscriminately, but also, when the context demands it, as passive: kartum drabdhah * began to be made *, etc. This usage is particularly frequent with the passive forms of sak- : kartum na sakyate 4 cannot be done etc. §18. Active and Middle Participles Like the infinitives these participles are in origin purely nominal forms and as such have been treated in the chapters concerning the formation and declension of nouns* They be- long to the verb inasmuch as they have become integrated into the verbal system. This integration goes further than in the case of the infinitive in Sanskrit (though not as far as in Greek), and the process started earlier. The various participles are attached to particular tense stems, and they are divided, like the finite verb, into active and middle. The active participle in -ant- is in Classical Sanskrit entirely, and in the Vedic language mainly, formed from the present stems of the verb. In the Vedic language there is a small number of such participles which are attached to the root aorist stem (krdnt-, gmdnt - from kr- * do gam- 1 go ') and to the a-aorist stem (trpant- f vrdhdnt - from trp- ' be satisfied ' and vrdh- ‘grow ’). This association is mainly superficial, since such
